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Kamele wurden seit den 1840er Jahren als Lastentiere nach Australien gebracht. Inzwischen gelten sie mancherorts als Plage. Foto: Petah Devine/Silverton Outback Camels/dpa
Koloniales Wüstenschiff Warum Kamele in Australien zur Plage werden Australische Tiere, da denken die meisten an Koalas und Kängurus. Dass im trockenen Landesinneren auch unzählige Kamele leben, ist weniger bekannt. Für die Kolonialisierung waren sie unerlässlich - heute werden sie abgeschossen.
In gleichmäßigem Schritt trabt eine Kamel-Karawane langsam aber majestätisch durch die glühende Wüstenhitze. Über ihr die unerbittliche Sonne, dahinter Sanddünen so weit das Auge reicht.
Wer an Kamele denkt, hat meist solche Bilder aus der Sahara im Kopf. Was die meisten nicht wissen: Die größte Population wildlebender Kamele der Welt ist nicht in Afrika oder den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten zuhause - sondern in Australien . Und das hat historische Gründe, denn als der unerforschte Kontinent einst von Europäern besiedelt wurde, waren ausdauernde und hitzebeständige Lastentiere gefragt. Heute hingegen dienen sie mehr dem Freizeitvergnügen.
Kamelrennen mitten im Outback «Kamele gab es hier bei uns eigentlich schon immer», sagt Shelley Lorensen. Sie ist die Präsidentin der Boulia Camel Races, einem Kamelrennen mitten im Outback. Boulia in Queensland zählt nur etwa 300 bis 400 Einwohner, doch zur Rennzeit im Juli tummeln sich 3500 Menschen in dem Örtchen. Viele reisen in Wohnwagen an oder schlafen in Zelten, um die Kamele durch den roten Wüstensand rennen zu sehen.
Bei dem dreitägigen Spektakel gibt es auch ein Rasenmäher-Rennen, Musik und ein Feuerwerk. Die Kamele seien aber die Hauptattraktion, sagt Lorensen. Ihr Wesen mache die Rennen unberechenbar: Die Reiter könnten die Tiere weder lenken noch kontrollieren: «Man kann sie zwar trainieren, aber selbst ein Kamel, das an einem Tag alle Rennen gewinnt, könnte sich am nächsten Tag einfach auf den Boden setzen.»
Kamele wurden seit den 1840er Jahren aus Indien, Afghanistan und von der arabischen Halbinsel nach Down Under eingeführt. Bei der Kolonialisierung halfen sie den Neuankömmlingen dabei, das Outback zu erkunden und transportierten gleichermaßen Waren und Menschen. Auch mehrere Großprojekte, wie die transaustralische Eisenbahn und die «Overland Telegraph Line» (transaustralische Telegrafenleitung), wurden mit der Hilfe von Kamelen umgesetzt. Zudem waren Siedlungen im Outback auf die «Wüstenschiffe» angewiesen, denn Lebensmittel wurden auf Kamelrücken selbst in die entlegensten Gegenden gebracht.
Paar in Silverton bietet Kameltouren an Kamele gebe es in Silverton an der Grenze zwischen New South Wales und South Australia schon seit Gründung des Ortes in den 1880er Jahren, sagt Duncan Pickering. Gemeinsam mit seiner Partnerin Petah Devine bietet er dort Kameltouren an. Das Paar träumte von einem Leben als Selbstversorger auf einer Farm mitten in den Weiten des Outbacks. Die Kamele ergaben sich eher zufällig: «Die Familie, die vor uns die Touren angeboten hat, hörte auf und gab uns 2017 unsere ersten beiden Tiere», erzählt Pickering der Deutschen Presse-Agentur.
Mittlerweile leben 13 Kamele auf der Farm. An der Arbeit mit den Wüstentieren fasziniert Pickering vor allem ihre Persönlichkeit: «Sie sind alle sehr individuell, aber gleichzeitig sehr zutraulich.» Neue Tiere zu trainieren sei aber eine Herausforderung: «Man muss erst ihr Wesen kennenlernen und miteinander warm werden.»
Und dennoch: Die beeindruckenden Lastentiere gelten in Australien seit einiger Zeit als Plage. Nachdem sie Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts mit dem Aufkommen von Autos und anderen Verkehrsmitteln nicht mehr zum Transport gebraucht wurden, ließ man sie im Outback frei. In der Wildnis haben sie sich stark vermehrt - in einem Bericht des Umweltministeriums von 2010 wird ihre Zahl auf etwa eine Million beziffert. Eine Reportage des Senders ABC ging 2020 von 1,2 Millionen Tieren aus - aber so ganz genau weiß es niemand.
Bei Hitze suchen die Höckertiere in Siedlungen nach Wasser Besonders in trockenen, heißen Zeiten trotten die wilden Höckertiere auf der Suche nach Wasser häufig in Siedlungen. Dabei reißen sie Zäune um und versuchen, an das Kondenswasser in Klimaanlagen zu kommen. Die Schäden sind oft groß - deswegen, und um ihre Vermehrung unter Kontrolle zu halten, lässt Australien Kamele regelmäßig und in großer Zahl abschießen. Lokalregierungen und Landbesitzer engagieren dafür Scharfschützen, teilweise werden Hubschrauber eingesetzt. Im australischen Aktionsplan für wilde Kamele wird betont, dass die Tötung möglichst schnell und schmerzlos ablaufen muss.
Schätzungen zufolge werden außerdem jedes Jahr 3600 bis 4000 Kamele getötet, um aus ihrem Fleisch Tierfutter herzustellen. Weitere 400 Tiere werden für den Lebendexport genutzt und 1000 für den menschlichen Verzehr.
«Uns geht es vor allem darum, Kamele zu retten und gleichzeitig eine Verwendung für ihre Produkte zu finden», sagt Paul Martin, der 2015 die Firma «Summer Land Camels» gegründet hat. Auf seiner 324 Hektar großen Farm in Harrisville, Queensland, leben zwischen 400 und 500 Kamele, die im Outback gefangen und dann von Martin und seinem Team gezähmt wurden. Neben Ausritten bei Sonnenaufgang und einem Cocktailabend mit Kamelen können Besucher im Farmcafé Käse und Eis aus Kamelmilch oder einen «Camelccino» probieren. Das Aroma ist leicht süßlich, zudem hat Kamelmilch jede Menge Vitamin C und Eisen.
Nachfrage nach Kamelprodukten steigt Von den vielen gesundheitlichen Vorteilen schwärmt auch Paul Martin: «Kamelmilch gerinnt nicht im Magen und führt deswegen nicht zu einer Entzündungsreaktion wie andere Milchsorten.» Aus diesem Grund sei die Milch auch für Menschen mit Laktose-Unverträglichkeit trinkbar.
Die Nachfrage nach Kamelprodukten nehme langsam zu, erzählt er. Neben den Milchprodukten verkauft «Summer Land Camels» auch Handcremes, Body Lotion und den ersten Kamelwodka der Welt. In einigen asiatischen Ländern kann man die Produkte bereits online kaufen. «An einer EU-Strategie arbeiten wir gerade», sagt Martin. Vielleicht gibt es die australischen Kamelprodukte dann bald auch in Europa.
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