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Bis 2030 wollen Politik und die Luftfahrtbranche mindestens 200.000 Tonnen nachhaltig erzeugtes Kerosin verwenden
Fliegen ohne Flugscham Der Luftverkehr soll klimaneutral werden Für klimaneutralen Luftverkehr braucht es aus Sicht vieler Experten nachhaltig erzeugte Kraftstoffe. Doch die Verfahren sind teuer, einen Markt gibt es nicht. Nun haben Politik und Branche ein Konzept beschlossen, wie sich das in den nächsten zehn Jahren ändern soll.
Die Luftfahrtbranche steckt in einem Dilemma: Ihre Flugzeuge werden technisch immer effizienter und verbrauchen weniger Kraftstoff. Doch weil der Luftverkehr zumindest bis zur Corona-Krise rasant gewachsen ist, blieb auch der CO2-Ausstoß der Branche hoch.
Sie selbst gibt ihren Anteil an den weltweiten CO2-Emissionen mit 2,8 Prozent an und verweist auf Berechnungen des Deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtzentrums. Demnach beträgt der Anteil der Luftfahrt am menschengemachten Klimawandel sogar rund 3,5 Prozent. Bei diesem Anteil werden noch weitere Faktoren wie etwa Kondensstreifen berücksichtigt, durch die teilweise Wärmeabstrahlung von der Erde verringert wird.
Zum Thema: Die Luftfahrt soll bis 2050 CO2-neutral werden
Nach einem Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in der vergangenen Woche diskutiert die Bundesregierung über schärfere Klimaziele. Bis 2045 soll das Land klimaneutral sein, statt wie bisher 2050. Viele Experten sind sich einig, dass das für den Luftfahrtsektor ohne nachhaltig produzierte Kraftstoffe nicht zu schaffen ist. «Wenn wir tatsächlich CO2-neutral fliegen wollen - und das ist unser Ziel - dann werden wir nicht daran vorbeikommen, dass wir das fossile Kerosin durch einen nachhaltigen Kraftstoff ersetzen», sagt auch Matthias von Randow, Hauptgeschäftsführer des Bundesverbands der Deutschen Luftverkehrswirtschaft (BDL).
Der BDL hat gemeinsam mit der Bundesregierung und weiteren Interessenverbänden aus Luftfahrt und Industrie einen Fahrplan vorgelegt, wie bis zum Jahr 2030 zumindest ein Markt für solche Kraftstoffe entstehen könnte.
Mindestens 200.000 Tonnen nachhaltig erzeugtes Kerosin will die Branche bis dahin verwenden, heißt es in dem am Freitag veröffentlichten Dokument. Das entspricht zwar gerade mal rund zwei Prozent des Verbrauchs aller von Deutschland aus gestarteten Flugzeuge im Jahr 2019 sowohl ins Inland als auch ins Ausland. Doch die Verbände sind zuversichtlich, dass der Hochlauf schnell gehen könnte, sobald die Infrastruktur steht und sich ein Markt entwickelt hat.
«Wir müssen jetzt einerseits die Nachfrage schaffen und andererseits die Kapazitäten darstellen», sagte der Hauptgeschäftsführer des Bundesverbands der Deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie (BDLI), Volker Thum. «Vor der Skalierung nach oben haben wir dann keine Angst mehr.»
In dem gemeinsamen Fahrplan bis 2030 konzentrieren sich die Beteiligten auf neue Antriebstechnologien in Form des sogenannten Power-to-Liquid-Verfahrens (PtL). Vereinfacht beschrieben werden dabei aus elektrisch gewonnenem Wasserstoff und dem Zusatz von CO2 flüssige Kraftstoffe erzeugt. Die Technologie gilt als teuer. In großem Umfang wird sie auch wegen der fehlenden Nachfrage bislang nicht angewendet.
«Wir haben bislang vor allem Testanlagen in kleinem Maßstab», sagte von Randow. «Nun müssen wir schauen, was es bedeutet, wenn man solche Anlagen in einer industriellen Größenordnung bauen soll.» Es brauche aber Marktanreize durch den Bund, um die Nachfrage anzukurbeln. Außerdem bringt das Papier Produktionsquoten für die Kraftstoffhersteller ins Spiel sowie Abnahmegarantien durch die Käufer, also die Luftfahrtindustrie.
Eine weitere Herausforderung bleibt die Nachhaltigkeit. Denn klimaneutral können PtL-Kraftstoffe nur sein, wenn auch der dafür in großen Mengen benötigte Strom grün ist. «Nur mit der Nutzung von Strom aus zusätzlichen erneuerbaren Energiequellen kann der Ausstoß klimaschädlicher Emissionen bei der Produktion selbst vermieden werden», heißt es in dem Papier. Dafür müsste auch grüner Strom aus dem Ausland importiert werden, denn Deutschland könne den Bedarf alleine nicht decken.
Die Initiative Aireg, die sich für nachhaltige Energie im deutschen Luftverkehr einsetzt, kritisierte am Freitag vor allem die Konzentration auf PtL-Kraftstoffe. «Wir können es uns nicht erlauben, auf signifikante Mengen an PtL-Kerosin jenseits von 100 000 oder 200 000 Tonnen zu warten», teilte Aireg-Präsident Kay Kratky mit. Schon in zwei, drei Jahren könnten große Mengen an alternativen Antriebsmitteln etwa aus fortschrittlichen Biokraftstoffen gewonnen werden.
Auch die Umweltorganisation Greenpeace ist nicht überzeugt. «Dieser Plan ist schon vor seiner Veröffentlichung überholt», teilte Verkehrsexperte Benjamin Stephan am Freitag mit. «Mit gerade einmal zwei Prozent synthetischem Kerosin bis 2030 verpasst die Flugbranche die neuen Klimaziele für den Verkehr in Deutschland und in der EU meilenweit.» Bevor staatliche Fördermittel eingesetzt würden, sollte die Bundesregierung zunächst die Subventionen für fossiles Kerosin streichen.
(10.05.2021, dpa)
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