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Wer soll hier den Überblick behalten? Der Markt von Ökolabels im Tourismus ist vielfältig und für Verbraucher nicht leicht zu durchschauen
Nachhaltig reisen Unterwegs im touristischen Ökolabel-Dschungel Im Tourismus wollen sich immer mehr Anbieter als «grün» vermarkten. Doch bei den vielen Siegeln auf dem Markt ist es schwer, den Überblick zu behalten. Eine Orientierungshilfe für Urlauber. Urlaub machen, aber mit gutem Gewissen: Wer bei seinen Reisen auf Aspekte wie Umweltschutz und Sozialstandards Wert legt, findet unzählige Siegel, die einem genau das versprechen. Reisende können schnell den Überblick verlieren.
Man könne von einem «Siegel-Dschungel» im Tourismus sprechen, sagt Antje Monshausen von Tourism Watch, einer Abteilung der Hilfsorganisation Brot für die Welt, welche sich für nachhaltigen Tourismus einsetzt. «Wir gehen von weltweit rund 150 Siegeln aus, die zum Teil konkurrieren», schätzt die Expertin.
Was macht ein gutes Siegel aus? Hotels, Reiseziele und Veranstalter müssten durch externe Gutachter überprüft worden sein und die Siegel von unabhängigen Stellen vergeben werden, erläutert Monshausen. Die Kriterien sollten öffentlich und einsehbar für Verbraucher sein.
Die drei Dimensionen der Nachhaltigkeit Idealerweise berücksichtigt ein Siegel alle Dimensionen von Nachhaltigkeit. Neben Umweltschutz sind das soziale Standards wie die Arbeitsbedingungen im Hotel sowie kulturelle und ökonomische Aspekte. Das Urlaubsziel und die Bewohner sollten ebenso vom Tourismus profitieren und ihn aktiv mitgestalten können.
Der Rat für globalen nachhaltigen Tourismus, GSTC (Global Sustainable Tourism Council), hat einen Standard entwickelt, der in den Bereichen Management, Umwelt, Soziales, Wirtschaft und Kultur gewisse Anforderungen an Betriebe und Destinationen stellt. Siegel, die die Kriterien bei ihren Zertifizierungen beachten oder gleichwertige Vorgaben machen, können sich vom GSTC anerkennen lassen. Dazu zählen etwa Green Globe oder Biosphere Tourism.
Eine Übersicht zu anerkannten Veranstalter-, Destinations- und Hotel-Siegeln findet sich beim GSTC.
Kritik am globalen Standard Seit einiger Zeit können Institute sich vom GSTC akkreditieren lassen und deren Standard als Basis für ihre Überprüfung nehmen, wie Siegel-Experte Herbert Hamele vom Europäischen Expertennetz für nachhaltigen Tourismus Ecotrans erklärt. «Gerade in Fachkreisen gibt es auch Kritik daran. Denn das GSTC prüft nun einerseits Zertifikate und tritt andererseits zugleich als eine Art Konkurrent gegen ebendiese Siegel an», sagt Hamele. Die Zahl der vom GSTC akkreditierten Organisationen ist aber noch gering.
Hamele schätzt, dass weltweit nur rund ein Prozent aller Betriebe mit einem der Label ausgezeichnet sind. «Und noch weniger mit einem Siegel, das vom GSTC anerkannt ist.» Was bringt es also, in einem Land nach einem Hotel mit einem bestimmten Zertifikat zu suchen, wenn es dort am Ende gar keins gibt? «Viele Betriebe, die ein Zertifikat erhalten könnten, bemühen sich nicht darum. Oder wissen nicht, dass sie eines erhalten könnten, weil sie schon die Kriterien erfüllen.»
Überblick im Siegel-Dschungel Einen Überblick im Siegel-Dschungel bietet die englischsprachige Webseite Tourism2030.eu, die Ecotrans betreibt. Sie bietet neben der Schnellsuche für Nachhaltigkeitslabel auch eine Karte mit zertifizierten Unterkünften und Zielen mit rund 14 000 Einträgen weltweit - von denen 1400 in Deutschland sind, wie Hamele sagt.
Einen Überblick bietet auch das Schweizer Portal fairunterwegs.org, das im Internet 20 Nachhaltigkeitslabel mit kurzen Beschreibungen aufzählt. Das Forum Anders Reisen, ein Zusammenschluss von nachhaltigen Veranstaltern, stellt eine Broschüre zum Thema bereit.
Zwei Typen von Zertifizierungen Grundsätzlich lassen sich laut Hamele zwei Siegeltypen unterscheiden: Management-Systeme und Performance-Label, die in der Mehrheit sind und konkrete Vorgaben machen, die erfüllt werden müssen. Ein Beispiel ist das EU-Ökolabel. Es nennt 100 Kriterien - vom Wasserdurchlauf pro Minute in den Waschbecken bis zu Informationspflichten zu ökologisch günstigen Verkehrsmitteln wie Bus und Bahn in der Nähe der Anlagen.
Zu den Management-Systemen zählt das Siegel Tourcert. Hier entwickeln Unternehmen oder Destinationen Programme, um sich immer weiter in Sachen Nachhaltigkeit zu verbessern, wie Monshausen erklärt. «Wir unterstützen das Label, weil es anspruchsvoll und glaubwürdig ist.»
Auch das europäische Umweltmanagement-Siegel EMAS zählt zu den Management-Systemen. Hier muss der Betrieb zunächst den Status quo erheben und dann einen Aktionsplan entwickeln, wie er nachhaltiger wird. Über den Fortschritt wird jährlich Bericht erstattet, erläutert Hamele. «Das heißt aber auch: Ein Betrieb kann das Zertifikat mit Einführung dieses Systems erhalten, aber bei einem sehr niedrigen Nachhaltigkeitsstandard anfangen.»
Bei Management-Systemen wie EMAS gibt das Siegel allein keine konkrete Auskunft, wie nachhaltig ein Hotel am Ende tatsächlich agiert. «Es ist aber besser als nichts», sagt Hamele.
Anspruch und Wirklichkeit Entscheidend ist, welchen Stellenwert Nachhaltigkeit für Urlauber tatsächlich hat. «Anspruch und Wirklichkeit fallen hier stark auseinander», sagt Monshausen. Für sie liegt das auch daran, weil es nach wie vor zu wenige Angebote gebe, die unabhängig überprüft und mit einem glaubwürdigen Siegel versehen seien.
(19.11.2019, dpa)
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