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Flusslandschaft in China. Im einwohnerreichsten Land der Erde sehen sich manche Minderheiten unterdrückt - trotzdem kommen viele Touristen
AUTORITÄRE LÄNDER Soll ich als Urlauber ein autoritäres Land meiden? Soll ich als Urlauber ein autoritär regiertes Land meiden, um das Regime dort nicht zu unterstützen? Nein, sagt die Tourismusbranche - und sieht sogar Chancen durch solche Reisen.
China, Ägypten, Türkei - nicht in jedem Land erfüllt sich unser westliches Demokratieverständnis. Doch sollten Touristen deshalb gleich auf das Reisen dorthin verzichten?
Auf der Reisemesse ITB erklärte Berlins Regierender Bürgermeister Michael Müller (SPD) im März: »Immer mehr Urlauber fühlen sich abgestoßen, wenn Regimes Freiheits- und Menschenrechte missachten.« Stimmt das? Vertreter der Tourismusbranche sind geteilter Meinung. Von Reisen in Länder mit zweifelhaftem Ruf raten sie aber nicht ab.
Menschenrechte im Tourismus »Ich glaube schon, dass der Anteil wächst an Leuten, die sich dafür interessieren«, sagt Jara Schreiber vom Roundtable Human Rights in Tourism. Aber es sei noch eine Nische. Der Verband versteht sich als Diskussionsplattform, um Menschenrechte im Tourismus zu fördern.
Anders sieht das Martin Lohmann vom Institut für Tourismus- und Bäderforschung in Nordeuropa: »Es spielt keine große Rolle, welche politische Form ein Land hat«, sagt der Experte. Vielmehr komme es auf die mögliche persönliche Betroffenheit vor Ort an: Könnte ich leichter als andernorts das Opfer eines Terroranschlags werden? Dann reise ich vielleicht eher nicht in ein Land. Wenn sich aber zum Beispiel die Minderheit der Uiguren in China unterdrückt sieht, dann sehe man als Tourist deshalb nicht vom Reisen ab.
Aber sollte man vielleicht genau dies tun? Und wie schafft man es, ein Regime nicht zu unterstützen, einfache Menschen im Land aber schon? »Es kommt weniger auf die Entscheidung zum einzelnen Land an, als auf die Frage, wie man tatsächlich vor Ort reist«, sagt Antje Monshausen, Referatsleiterin Wirtschaft und Umwelt bei der Organisation Brot für die Welt.
Gründlich über das Land informieren Die Herausforderung sei groß, wenn man in Länder reist, die im Ruf stehen, Freiheits- und Menschenrechte zu missachten. Die Expertin rät Urlaubern, sich dann gründlich über das Land zu informieren. Zum Beispiel mit Literatur, die hinter die touristische Kulisse blickt - etwa Länderberichte von Menschenrechtsorganisationen oder alternative Reiseführer.
Jara Schreiber empfiehlt, beim Reiseveranstalter nachzufragen, ob zum Beispiel Hotels im Reiseprogramm im Besitz von Regierung oder Militärs sind. Bislang seien die Mitarbeiter in den Reisebüros aber noch nicht geschult in solchen Fragestellungen. Verschiedene Initiativen versuchten, das zu ändern: »Da tut sich was.«
Bei den Kunden großer Veranstalter spielt das Thema Menschenrechte nicht unbedingt eine Rolle. »Spezifische Rückfragen zu der menschenrechtlichen Situation in einem Land erhalten wir bislang kaum«, räumt Ulrike Braun vom Veranstalter DER Touristik ein. Sie ist die Leiterin Corporate Responsibility.
Wer sich entschieden hat, in ein Land zu reisen, in dem Berichten zufolge Menschenrechte verletzt werden, sollte einige Dinge beachten. Prof. Hartmut Rein von der Hochschule für Nachhaltige Entwicklung in Eberswalde rät, möglichst Kontakt mit den Einheimischen zu suchen. Auch für Monshausen ist es wichtig, dass man Menschen vor Ort begegnen kann - und zwar eigenständig. Nordkorea ist hier das extreme Gegenbeispiel. Alles, was man dort zu sehen bekommt, ist arrangiert.
Gefährlicher Austausch mit Einheimischen? Der Kontakt mit Einheimischen kann aber auch Risiken bergen. Zum einen kann man sich selbst durch kritische Aussagen in Gefahr bringen, zum anderen die Einheimischen, die mit den Touristen reden. »In bestimmte Länder kommen sie dann halt kein zweites Mal mehr rein, und wenn sie Pech haben, nicht mehr raus«, sagt Rein.
Touristen haben nach Ansicht von Monshausen durchaus die Möglichkeit, die Situation in einem Land zu verbessern: »Diese Macht, dieses Potenzial, da eine Veränderung mit zu ermöglichen, darüber sollten sich Reisende bewusst sein.« Auch in der Tourismusbranche könne es einen Umbruch geben, wenn immer mehr Reisende nach Menschenrechten fragten.
Durch das Reisen habe man die Möglichkeit, einen Wandlungsprozess in einem Land zu unterstützen, glaubt Rein. Beispiel Myanmar: Dort komme auch durch den Tourismus der Demokratisierungsprozess in Gang. »Wenn sie nicht mehr hinfahren, unterstützen sie auch die Leute nicht mehr, die gerne eine andere Gesellschaft dort wollen.«
Lohmann sieht die vermeintlich positive Wirkung der Reisebranche eher kritisch: »Ob der Tourismus der richtige Hebel ist, um die Menschenrechte durchzusetzen, da habe ich meine Zweifel.«
(28.05.2019, dpa)
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