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Uwe Schneider, Mitarbeiter der Parkeisenbahn Dresden, hebt am Hauptbahnhof die grüne Kelle zur Abfahrt. Foto: Sebastian Kahnert/dpa-Zentralbild/dpa
Attraktion in Ostdeutschland DDR-Parkeisenbahnen bei Kindern und Touristen beliebt Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz oder Berlin: In vielen ostdeutschen Städten gibt es bis heute Parkeisenbahnen - zur Freude von Besuchern. Dass sie die Wiedervereinigung überlebt haben, ist meist Bahn-Fans zu verdanken.
Sie tuckert gemächlich durch den Großen Garten in Dresden, bringt Gäste von einem Ende des Parks an das andere und ist doch weit mehr als ein Transportmittel: Die Parkeisenbahn zieht seit mehr als 70 Jahren ihre Runden durch die sächsische Hauptstadt. Sie ist ein echter Touristenmagnet - und bei Eisenbahn-Fans und Kindern auch lange nach dem Ende der DDR beliebt.
Die Dresdner Bahn ist eine von vielen in Ostdeutschland, die auch nach der Wiedervereinigung weiter bestehen. Es gibt die Züge etwa in Görlitz, Leipzig und Berlin-Wuhlheide. Sie sind deutlich kleiner als die Exemplare der Deutschen Bahn, fahren Runden mit meist nur wenigen Kilometern durch Parks und tragen daher den Namen Parkeisenbahn.
Ehrenamtliche Kräfte sorgen für den Erhalt
Dass die Bahnen heute noch bestehen, ist vor allem dem Einsatz ehrenamtlicher Kräfte zu verdanken und alles andere als selbstverständlich. «Gegründet wurden die Bahnen nämlich in der DDR als Freizeit- und Ausbildungsstätten nach sowjetischem Vorbild», sagt Stefan Ebenfeld vom DB Museum Nürnberg.
Der Erziehungsauftrag sei ein doppelter gewesen: Kinder und Jugendliche lernten hier angeleitet von Erwachsenen die Eisenbahntechnik und die Berufe des Lokführers und Bahnhofsvorstands kennen und übernahmen Aufgaben des Bahnbetriebs - etwa Fahrkarten kontrollieren, Gleise umstellen und Signale setzen. «Gleichzeitig wurden sie mit der sozialistischen Ideologie vertraut gemacht», sagt Ebenfeld.
Die jungen Bahner gaben den Anlagen auch ihren damalige Namen: Pioniereisenbahnen - nach den Kindern, die in der DDR meist Mitglieder in der Pionierorganisation waren.
Bei Dresdner Bahn tragen Kinder noch Uniform
Auch heute sind etwa bei der Dresdner Bahn noch Kinder im Einsatz. Der Förderverein der Parkeisenbahn habe mit viel Aufwand Werbung für das Hobby Eisenbahn betrieben, sagt Uwe Schneider. Er ist nicht nur Mitglied des Vereins, sondern steht auch regelmäßig als einer der erwachsenen Eisenbahner auf den Dresdner Bahnsteigen.
Wie früher tragen die Kinder in Dresden heute noch eine Uniform - allerdings zivil aussehende Kleidung statt Reichsbahnuniformen. Auch die Einteilung in Brigaden und die sozialistischen Erziehungsideale sind Geschichte.
Und noch etwas ist anders: Waren die Pioniereisenbahnen laut Schneider in der DDR früher Bestandteil der Arbeitsgemeinschaften, an denen die Kinder im sozialistischen Interesse möglichst teilnehmen sollten, stehen die Bahner heute in Konkurrenz zu anderen Hobbys.
Die Zahl der Eisenbahn-Kinder sei nach der Wiedervereinigung zum Teil auf ein Drittel gesunken - von ursprünglich 60 Kindern, die in der DDR pro Jahrgang dabei gewesen seien, sagt Schneider. «In den vergangenen Jahren ist es uns gelungen, die Anfängerzahlen fast wieder auf das Maß der DDR zu heben», sagt Schneider. Bis zu 50 Kinder habe der Förderverein in den besten Jahren gewinnen können.
Ein Schatten fiel 2016 auf die Jugendarbeit, nachdem der sexuelle Missbrauch eines Jungen publik geworden war. Der Förderverein und der Staatsbetrieb Schlösserland legten 2019 ein Schutzkonzept vor.
Bis zu 250.000 Fahrgäste jährlich in Dresden
In Görlitz ist heute ebenfalls noch eine Handvoll kleiner Eisenbahner mit dabei und hält gemeinsam mit den Erwachsenen den Betrieb am Laufen. Kinder zu finden, werde jedoch immer schwieriger, weil das Interesse an Technik nachlasse, sagt Betriebsleiter Daniel Schölzel. Seine Bahn feiert gerade ihr 45-jähriges Bestehen.
Das Interesse der Fahrgäste ist dagegen weiterhin groß. Bis zu 250.000 sind es jährlich laut Angaben der Schlösserland Sachsen in Dresden, die Bahn in Görlitz kutschiert etwa 12.000 Menschen.
«Zum Teil sind das Nostalgiker, die früher selbst bei der Pioniereisenbahn waren, aber viele wollen auch ein paar Stunden im Park verbringen», sagt Schölzel. Er selbst war als Pionier dabei.
Wie es bei den Bahnen weitergeht, hängt in Zukunft auch davon ab, wie viele Hobby-Bahner sich für die geschichtsträchtigen Züge begeistern können. Auch die Pandemie sei ein Faktor, sagt der Dresdner Uwe Schneider. «Corona stellt gerade die größte Existenzbedrohung dar, größer als die Wende.» Aus Infektionsschutzgründen dürften Kinder beim Bahnbetrieb derzeit nicht mitmachen. «Die Anfänger vom letzten Jahr sind immer noch nicht an der Bahn im Einsatz gewesen.»
Bis wieder Kinder helfen dürfen, werden Uwe Schneider und seine erwachsenen Kollegen dafür sorgen, dass die Parkeisenbahn weiter ihre Runden durch den Großen Garten zieht.
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