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Durch den Klimawandel erwarten Forscher zunehmend instabile Eisflächen auf Seen. Foto: Carmen Jaspersen/dpa
Vorsicht bei zugefrorenen Seen Forscher erwarten Zunahme von instabilem Eis Eis ist gleich Eis? Keineswegs, sagen Wissenschaftler. Und weisen auf Unterschiede hin, die entscheidend für die Sicherheit von Spaziergängern und Schlittschuhläufern sein können.
Im Zuge des Klimawandels rechnet ein internationales Forscherteam mit zunehmend instabilen Eisflächen auf Seen. Es geht um sogenanntes weißes Eis - im Gegensatz zu dem in der Regel tragfähigeren schwarzen Eis.
«Weißes Eis entsteht zum Beispiel, wenn die Wasseroberfläche wiederholt gefriert, antaut und wieder gefriert», sagte Hans-Peter Grossart, Leiter der Forschungsgruppe Aquatische mikrobielle Ökologie am Leibniz-Institut für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB ) am Standort Stechlin in Brandenburg. Er war an der Studie beteiligt, für die zugefrorene Seen beprobt wurden. Die Erkenntnisse sollten Anlass geben, die Regeln für das Betreten von Eisflächen zu überdenken, so die Forscher.
Weißes Eis bremst beim Schlittschuhfahren Auch Laien könnten weißes Eis erkennen, erklärt Grossart: «Es hat durch den Einschluss von Luft eine geringere Dichte und grobere Oberfläche, die beim Schlittschuhfahren bremst.» Das häufigere Vorkommen dieser Art von Eis hänge damit zusammen, dass die Temperaturen mittlerweile im Winter öfter tagsüber über null Grad steigen und Kälteperioden nicht mehr so lange dauern wie früher.
Schwarzes Eis sei schon heutzutage seltener vorzufinden. «Schwarz ist das Eis, wenn ein See über Nacht bei starken Minustemperaturen zufriert. Es ist ein durchsichtiges, schönes Eis, das spiegelglatt - und damit toll zum Schlittschuhlaufen ist.»
Die Studie unter Leitung der schwedischen Universität Uppsala, an der Grossart mitwirkte, ist bereits im Sommer im Fachblatt «Nature Communications » erschienen. Dafür wurden im Winter 2020/21 wiederholt Proben von Eisschichten von 31 Seen in 10 Ländern auf der Nordhalbkugel genommen und analysiert. Bei zwei Seen lagen Langzeitdaten vor, die bis 1971 beziehungsweise 1996 zurückreichten und die zum Vergleich herangezogen wurden.
Die Untersuchungen liefen in einem der wärmsten Winter seit 1880, wie es hieß. Meist fand sich in dem Zeitraum demnach instabiles weißes Eis, das zeitweise die komplette Eisschicht ausmachte. Der Anteil weißen Eises habe zudem im Laufe des Winters durch Schneefall und stetes Überfrieren - meist nachts - noch zugenommen. Es sei bereits beobachtet worden, dass es meist zu Saisonende, vor dem Abschmelzen der angetauten und wenig tragfähigen Eisschicht, zu tödlichem Einbrechen komme.
Bei einer Probenentnahme am Dagowsee bei Stechlin in Brandenburg sei das Forscherteam selbst erstaunt gewesen, wie dünn die vorgefundene Eisschicht mit circa nur zehn Zentimetern - überwiegend weißes Eis - war. «Es hielten sich zu dem Zeitpunkt mehrere Hundert Menschen auf dem See auf. Die Tragfähigkeit kann man also sehr leicht überschätzen.»
Tragfähigkeit leicht zu überschätzen Schwarzes Eis kann den Schätzungen der Forscher zufolge gut zehnmal so viel Last tragen wie ein gleich dickes und gleich großes Stück weißes Eis. Folglich bestehe bei großem Anteil weißen Eises ein viel höheres Risiko, trotz trügerisch tragfähig wirkender Eisdicke einzubrechen.
Die Eisbedingungen, die im Winter 2021 in Schweden beobachtet wurden, zeigten, dass Verhaltensanpassungen an eine wärmere Welt nötig seien, schreiben die Forscher. Während man in dem Land im Februar traditionell sicher aufs Eis habe gehen können, seien in dem Monat im Jahr 2021 zehn Menschen eingebrochen und gestorben - so viele wie noch nie seit Beginn entsprechender Beobachtungen im Jahr 2000. Als Faustregel schlagen die Forscher vor, die bisherigen Richtwerte für die für ein Betreten nötige Eisdicke zu verdoppeln.
Die Deutsche Lebens-Rettungs-Gesellschaft (DLRG ) schreibt derzeit in ihren Tipps zum Betreten von Eisflächen unter anderem: «Betritt einen See erst, wenn das Eis 15 Zentimeter dick ist.»
Zu den Erkenntnissen der aktuellen Studie sagte Grossart: «Es ist erschreckend zu sehen, wie stark sich die Systeme verändern.» Die Eisqualität habe auch Konsequenzen für die Ökologie von Seen, weil sich die Lichtdurchlässigkeit unterscheide. Weißes Eis lasse weniger Licht durch, was zum Beispiel die Photosynthese von Algen verändere und damit letztlich Einfluss auf die gesamte Nahrungskette habe.
Langzeitaufzeichnungen zeigten bereits eine schnelle Abnahme der Zahl der Tage, an denen Seen im Winter zugefroren sind, berichten die Forscher auch. Bei zahlreichen Seen sei zu erwarten, dass sie noch in diesem Jahrhundert dauerhaft eisfrei bleiben.
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