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Liegen die Temperaturen bei knapp unter null Grad, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit besonders hoch, dass das Flugzeug vor dem Start enteist werden muss Sicherheitsmaßnahme Wann muss ein Flugzeug enteist werden? Das Enteisen eines Flugzeuges kann zwar den Abflug verzögern und den Fluggästen Nerven kosten. Aber es ist eine wichtige Sicherheitsmaßnahme. Wann ist sie notwendig?
Im Winter ist es ein bekanntes Szenario: Der Flieger sollte eigentlich längst starten, doch man steht auf der Startbahn. Der Grund: Heißer Dampf umnebelt die Maschine, sie muss erst enteist werden. Doch wann ist das eigentlich nötig? Am höchsten sei das Risiko fürs Vereisen, wenn die Temperaturen knapp unter dem Gefrierpunkt liegen und die Luft sehr feucht ist, erklärt Prof. Andreas Strohmayer vom Institut für Flugzeugbau der Universität Stuttgart. Das ist nicht nur im strengen Winter der Fall. Ist es besonders kalt, ist die Gefahr des Vereisens sogar geringer. «Bei besonders niedrigen Temperaturen gefrieren kleine Tropfen als Raueis direkt bei der Berührung mit der Flugzeugoberfläche. Das ist weniger gefährlich, weil das Flugzeug dann weitgehend aerodynamisch bleibt», erläutert Strohmayer. Gefährlicher werde es bei Temperaturen nur knapp unter dem Gefrierpunkt. «Da gibt es dann wilde Formen, wenn große unterkühlte Wassertropfen vom Aufschlagpunkt nach hinten laufen und dort anfrieren. Wenn sich dieses Klareis auf dem Flugzeug absetzt, ist es nicht mehr aerodynamisch.» Als Flugreisender muss man sich deswegen aber keine Sorgen machen. Bevor ein Flugzeug die Zulassung erhält, wird es im Flugbetrieb unter Vereisungsbedingungen getestet. Wenn das Flugzeug vom Eis befreit werden muss, passiert das entweder am Boden durch Enteisungsflüssigkeit oder Heißluft. Der Flieger ist dann schon vereist. Häufiger jedoch vereist das Flugzeug erst in der Luft. Dann gibt es verschiedene Methoden, wie Strohmayer erläutert. Bei Großflugzeugen wird heiße Luft vom Triebwerk über Leitungen in die Flügelvorderkanten geblasen. Dort verdampft dann der Eisansatz. Bei kleineren Flugzeugen seien häufig Gummimatten auf den Vorderkanten angebracht. «Die haben eine Luftleitung innen, die aufgeblasen werden kann. Dann platzt das Eis ab.» Oft merkt man als Passagier also gar nicht, wenn ein Flugzeug gerade enteist wird. Und wenn es doch mal am Boden geschieht, heißt es warten - und die paar Minuten mehr für die Sicherheit in Kauf nehmen. Bei einer Verspätung von mehr als drei Stunden wegen einer Enteisung können Flugreisende auf eine Entschädigung von der Airline hoffen. Gerichte entscheiden immer wieder, dass es sich nicht um einen außergewöhnlichen Umstand handelt, der die Fluggesellschaft von der Zahlungspflicht befreit. Die Airline muss sich auf die Witterung vorbereiten, Enteisung liegt in ihrem Verantwortungsbereich.
(27.09.2018, dpa)
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