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Das kann heikel werden: Gewitterwolken türmen sich über einem Flugzeug auf. Foto: Federico Gambarini/dpa
Wetterphänomen Turbulenzen: Die Ursachen und was Flugpassagiere tun können Das Flugzeug ruckelt, sackt ab: Turbulenzen sind für Passagiere unangenehm und haben manchmal auch ernste Folgen. Was steckt hinter dem Phänomen und wie halten Flugzeuge die Belastungen aus?
Wer viel fliegt, hat bestimmt schon mal eine Turbulenz erlebt. In Zukunft könnte es diese häufiger geben - und zwar als Folge des Klimawandels. Davon gehen Forscher der britischen Universität Reading laut einer Studie aus.
Oft bleibt es bei einem Rütteln oder leichten Absacken, doch in seltenen Fällen werden Passagiere und Crewpersonal in Folge schwerer Turbulenzen verletzt. Besonders tückisch sind dabei sogenannte Clear Air Turbulences, auf Deutsch Klarluftturbulenzen: Weil sie für die Pilotinnen und Piloten - und damit auch für alle anderen Leute im Flugzeug - oft ohne Vorwarnung kommen.
Über dem Nordatlantik zum Beispiel nahmen sie laut der Studie in den vergangenen vier Jahrzehnten zu. Gab es dort im Jahr 1979 noch rund 467 Stunden Klarluftturbulenzen, waren es 2020 rund 547 Stunden. Ähnliche Zunahmen seien etwa auch über den USA zu verzeichnen.
Hier erklären Fachleute, wie Turbulenzen entstehen - und welchen einfachen, aber wichtigen Rat Passagiere befolgen sollten.
Wodurch werden Turbulenzen ausgelöst?
Sie können verschiedene Ursachen haben. Eine davon sind Jetstreams. «Das sind Starkwindfelder in der oberen Troposphäre in acht bis zwölf Kilometer Höhe, die je nach Region und Jahreszeit unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt sind», erklärt der Luftfahrt-Ingenieur und Pilot Jens Heider vom Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR). Jetstreams entstehen durch horizontale Temperaturunterschiede in der Atmosphäre. «Weil diese aufgrund des Klimawandels zunehmen, wird davon ausgegangen, dass auch die Jetstreams stärker werden.»
In und um Gewitter können durch die aufsteigenden warmen und absinkenden kalten Luftmassen Fallwinde Turbulenzen entstehen - darum werden sie, wenn möglich, umflogen. Auch vorausfliegende Maschinen können durch Luftverwirbelungen für Turbulenzen sorgen.
Und auch die Topografie am Boden hat Einfluss. «Bergketten können das gesamte Luftpaket anheben», so umschreibt es Heider. Das Risiko für Turbulenzen ist dann höher. Daten zeigen, dass die turbulentesten Flugrouten über Gebirge führen - in Europa kann es zum Beispiel besonders bei Flügen über die Alpen eher mal ruckeln.
Und was ist eine Klarluftturbulenz?
Nach Angaben des Deutschen Wetterdienstes ist solch eine Turbulenz mit dem bloßen Auge nicht zu sehen, da es sich um eine Turbulenz in wolkenfreier Luft handelt. Sie wird durch das Aufeinandertreffen von signifikant andersartigen Luftmassen verursacht, die sich mit stark unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten bewegen. Beim Zusammentreffen entsteht ein Bereich mit erhöhten Windgeschwindigkeiten.
Blick auf verschneite Berggipfel aus einem Flugzeug heraus: Gerade ist das Wetter über den Alpen gut. Das kann sich aber schnell ändern. Jan Woitas/dpa
Previous Next Im Fachjargon seien diese eigentlich mit Jetstreams verbunden, so Heider. «Aber es ist eine Definitionsfrage.» Auch Luftverschiebungen über Gebirgen sind oft nicht zu sehen. So viel ist aber klar: «Bilden sich Wolken, kann man nicht mehr von Klarluftturbulenzen sprechen.»
Was passiert bei einem Luftloch während einer Turbulenz?
Es ist ein großer Schreck: Der Flieger sackt plötzlich ab. Im Volksmund spricht man von einem Luftloch. «Die Maschine fliegt dabei in einen Bereich, wo ringsherum die Luft absackt - und dadurch sackt auch der Flieger nach unten», erklärt Heider.
Hält das Flugzeug solche Belastungen aus?
Die Flügel biegen sich, die Kabine wird durchgeschüttelt - man könnte denken, dass ein Flugzeug bei starken Turbulenzen auseinanderbrechen könnte. Doch das sei angesichts der strengen und sehr auf Sicherheit bedachten Bauvorschriften für moderne Flugzeuge äußerst unwahrscheinlich, sagt Heider. «Nach allem, was man bisher über die bei Turbulenzen auftretenden Kräfte weiß, ist das sogar ausgeschlossen.»
Lassen sich Turbulenzen vorbeugen?
Über die Wetterinformation, die Pilotinnen und Piloten im Zuge der Flugvorbereitung bekommen, wissen sie zumindest oft schon, wo möglicherweise Turbulenzen zu erwarten sind und das berücksichtigen sie, wie Heider erläutert.
Doch während Gewitter und Wolkenfelder mit erwartbar starken Winden über die Kontrollsysteme oft gut zu sehen sind, ist das mit Klarluftturbulenzen nicht immer der Fall. Neue Apps sollen helfen.
Wie reagieren Pilotinnen und Piloten?
Sie sind nach Angaben des Bundesverbands der Deutschen Luftverkehrswirtschaft (BDL) für auftretende Turbulenzen geschult und können jederzeit - auch während des Flugs mit Autopilot - manuell eingreifen. Sollten sich Turbulenzen ereignen, melden sie dies der Flugsicherung.
Andere Cockpitcrews im selben Luftraum können dann darauf reagieren: Sofern es geht, wird in Absprache mit der Flugsicherung versucht, kritische Windfelder zu umfliegen, indem man höher steigt oder niedriger, oder indem man eine andere Route wählt. «Da ist man eher auf der vorsichtigen Seite», sagt DLR-Fachmann Heider.
Und wenn die Maschine in eine Turbulenz hineinfliegt?
Rechnen die Piloten mit Turbulenzen, machen sie die Anschnallzeichen an. Sie bitten dann die Kabinencrew womöglich auch, den Service erst mal auszusetzen, so Heider. «Wenn man hineingeflogen ist und die Leute stehen noch im Gang, ist es zu spät.»
Prävention sei darum das Beste, das Piloten und Crew tun können - aber auch die Passagiere. Wer kann, hat vorher auch schon sein Getränk geleert oder zugeschraubt. «Mir ist bei Flügen noch nicht das Essen durch die Gegend geflogen - aber ich habe schon gesehen, wie Tee auf dem Schoß eines Passagiers gelandet ist.»
Gerade weil Turbulenzen manchmal heftig und ohne Vorwarnung eintreten, gilt generell: sofern man sich nicht nur kurz die Beine vertritt oder auf die Toilette geht - auf dem Sitzplatz bleiben, und zwar stets angeschnallt. Auch wenn die Anschnallzeichen erloschen sind. Dazu rät auch der Branchenverband BDL.
Gibt es Plätze, auf denen man das Wackeln weniger merkt?
Es kursiert etwa der Rat, dass Vibrationen in der Mitte eines Flugzeugs weniger stark zu spüren sind. Fachmann Heider ist da zumindest mit Blick auf Turbulenzen eher skeptisch: «Wenn das ganze Flugzeug absackt, ist es egal, wo man sitzt.»
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