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Selbst das weltbekannte Mausoleum Taj Mahal ist von der Luftverschmutzung betroffen
Indien-Reise Smogalarm in Indien - Neu Delhi ringt nach Luft Fahrverbote und eine Luftreinigung extra für das weltberühmte Taj Mahal: Mit solchen Maßnahmen kämpft Neu Delhi gegen den dicken Smog. Aber das reicht bei weitem nicht, sagen die obersten Richter.
In Indiens Hauptstadt Neu Delhi hat sich die Luftqualität kürzlich etwas verbessert - auf den Status «schlecht». Noch immer riecht sie verbrannt und bringt die Menschen in der 22-Millionen-Metropole zum Husten.
Doch hat sich der dicke, graue Schleier etwas gelichtet, und das feiert die Regierung als Erfolg. Wegen der katastrophal schlechten Messwerte haben die Behörden kürzlich den Gesundheitsnotstand ausgerufen und Notfallmaßnahmen gegen den gefährlichen Dreck in der Luft erlassen.
Bis auf weiteres darf nur die Hälfte der Autos auf die Straße - an einem Tag die mit geraden Kennzeichen und am nächsten die mit ungeraden. Viele Baustellen wurden stillgelegt. Die Schulen blieben tagelang geschlossen, an Millionen Kinder wurden Atemschutzmasken verteilt.
Selbst das weltbekannte Mausoleum Taj Mahal ist betroffen.
Dort wurde eine große Luftreinigungsmaschine aufgestellt, denn die giftige Luft beschädige das ikonische Marmorgebäude, schreiben lokale Medien.
Die vergangenen Tage war die Feinstaubbelastung so schlimm, dass sie den Grenzwert der Weltgesundheitsorganisation um das 40-fache überstieg. Die Sicht war so schlecht, dass Flüge umgeleitet wurden. Wer die toxische Mischung einen Tag lang eingeatmet hat, kam auf eine Dosis von 30 bis 40 Zigaretten, wie der Lungenchirurg Arvind Kumar vom Sir Ganga Ram Hospital in Delhi in der Zeitung «Livemint» vorrechnete.
Wegen der immensen Gesundheitsgefahren haben sich inzwischen auch die höchsten Richter Indiens eingeschaltet. Sie befanden, dass die verhängten Notfallmaßnahmen nicht ausreichen, gebraucht werde eine tragfähige Lösung auf Dauer. Im Fokus steht eine besonders schlimme Verschmutzungsquelle: das Verbrennen von Ernteresten auf Feldern. Das tun Bauern jeden Spätherbst, um ihre Felder günstig für die neue Aussaat frei zu bekommen - obwohl das schon längst verboten ist. Aber Politiker schauen oft weg, auch weil Landwirte wichtige Wähler sind. Ein Richter warf den Politikern Versagen vor. «Delhi erstickt - und die machen gar nichts», sagte er der Zeitung «The Hindu».
Feinstaubbelastung ist immer zu hoch Die Feinstaubbelastung in der indischen Hauptstadt ist nach den Grenzwerten der Weltgesundheitsorganisation praktisch immer zu hoch - auch wenn der Himmel blau ist. Auch wenn der Rauch der verbrannten Felder fehlt, liegt immer noch ein Gemisch aus Abgasen von Millionen Autos, Fabriken und Dieselgeneratoren in der Luft. Hinzu kommen Feuer, in denen Müll verbrannt wird, sowie der Staub von Baustellen. Die Menschen in Neu Delhi haben sich daran gewöhnt, viele tragen nie eine Atemschutzmaske. Würden die Grenzwerte eingehalten, könnten die Menschen in Indien im Schnitt mehr als vier Jahre länger leben, heißt es in einem Bericht der Universität von Chicago.
Aber die Politiker schieben sich in der größten Demokratie der Welt oft gegenseitig die Schuld zu - oder sie geben seltsame Ratschläge gegen die Luftverschmutzung. Die Leute sollen doch als Schutz Karotten essen, schrieb Indiens Gesundheitsminister auf Twitter. Und ein Lokalpolitiker empfahl gar, den Regengott mit einem Feuerritual zu besänftigen, denn Regen würde die Luft reinigen und verbessern.
Was unternimmt Indien Zwar hat Indien einiges unternommen, um langfristig gegen die Luftverschmutzung vorzugehen, aber das Problem wird wohl noch länger bestehen bleiben. Für Landwirte gibt es etwa finanzielle Anreize, ihre Felder nicht abzubrennen, aber sie sind nach Ansicht vieler Bauern noch zu gering. Auch möchte die Regierung von Premier Narendra Modi langfristig mehr in erneuerbare Energien investieren. Aber noch ist das Land stark von Kohlekraftwerken abhängig und wird es wohl auch noch länger bleiben, schreibt die Denkfabrik Brookings in einem Bericht.
Indien liegt beim Ausstoß des klimaschädlichen Treibhausgases CO2 weltweit auf Platz 3 hinter China und den USA - und die Emissionen steigen wohl weiter, wie Experten vorhersagen, denn die Bevölkerung und die Wirtschaft wachsen rasch. Indien argumentiert auch, dass ihm als armes Land zu viel Klimaschutz bei der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung im Weg stehe. Es fordert reiche Länder im Westen auf, zu helfen - besonders da diese historisch gesehen seit ihrer Industrialisierung das Klima deutlich mehr verschmutzt haben.
(07.11.2019, dpa)
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