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Umweltschützer sehen in Kreuzfahrtschiffen »dreckige Rußschleudern«. Die Reedereien wollen gegensteuern und grüner werden.
Foto: Hilke Segbers Kreuzfahrten Reedereien für den Umweltschutz
Umweltschützer sehen in Kreuzfahrtschiffen »dreckige Rußschleudern«. Die Reedereien wollen gegensteuern und mehr auf die Umwelt achten. Doch manche Vorhaben scheitern noch am Geld.
Die Vorwürfe sind hart: Als »dreckige Rußschleudern« bezeichnet der Naturschutzbund Deutschland (Nabu) Kreuzfahrtschiffe und verlieh Aida Cruises und Tui Cruises im vergangenen Jahr stellvertretend für die ganze Branche den »Dinosaurier des Jahres«. Doch die Reedereien haben mittlerweile zumindest Besserung gelobt und stellen ganz bewusst ihre Anstrengungen in Sachen Umweltschutz in den Vordergrund. Aida-Chef Michael Thamm rühmte die Energiebilanz seines Unternehmens in dieser Woche bei einer Veranstaltung in Berlin als beste von allen Kreuzfahrtanbietern. Pro Person und 100 Kilometern brauchten die Aida-Schiffe im Durchschnitt 3,1 Liter Treibstoff - das seien 70 Prozent weniger als vor 20 Jahren. Der Neubau »Europa 2« von Hapag-Lloyd wird einen Katalysator bekommen, Tui Cruises will seine Schiffe ab 2013 in den Häfen mit Flüssigerdgas versorgen.
Beim Nabu sieht man in vielen Maßnahmen nur Feigenblätter: «Ein Ozeanriese stößt auf einer Kreuzfahrt so viele Schadstoffe aus wie fünf Millionen Pkw auf der gleichen Strecke», sagt Präsident Olaf Tschimpke. Größtes Problem in seinen Augen ist, dass die Kreuzfahrtschiffe derzeit fast alle Schweröl als Kraftstoff nutzen, ein Abfallprodukt der Ölindustrie. Mit der Umstellung auf schwefelarmen Schiffsdiesel ließe sich ein Großteil der Emissionen einsparen - und nebenbei etwas für die Gesundheit der Menschen tun: Allein in Europa rechnet der Nabu mit 50 000 vorzeitigen Todesfällen durch Schiffsemissionen.
Ab 2020 sind die Reedereien ohnehin verpflichtet, nur noch Schiffskraftstoff mit einem Schwefelgehalt von maximal 0,5 Prozent zu verwenden. Seit 2010 gilt diese Regelung bereits in Häfen, ab 2015 in küstennahen Gebieten. Eine raschere Umstellung halten die meisten Reedereien für kaum machbar.
»Eine allgemeine Umstellung der Schifffahrt auf Diesel ist nicht nur eine reine Kostenfrage, sondern vielmehr eine Frage der Verfügbarkeit«, sagt Sebastian Ahrens, Sprecher der Geschäftsführung von Hapag-Lloyd Kreuzfahrten. Diesel werde immer knapper, die Preise würden steigen. Auch Tui-Cruises-Sprecherin Alexa Hüner sieht momentan nicht ausreichend schwefelarmen Treibstoff auf dem Markt, um den Bedarf der Reedereien von heute auf morgen decken zu können. Zudem müssten Motoren und Tanks umgerüstet werden.
Neben dem Verzicht auf Schweröl fordert der Nabu den verpflichtenden Einbau von Rußfiltern. »Die Technik dafür steht bereit, aber es bewegt sich nichts«, sagt eine Sprecherin. Ganz so einfach sei das nicht, meinen dagegen die Reedereien: »Es gibt heute keine für Kreuzfahrtschiffe verfügbare Technik, die es erlaubt, Schwefeloxide aus den Abgasen zu filtern«, erklärt Ahrens. Filter für Stickoxide könne man nur bei Neubauten einbauen, eine Nachrüstung sei wegen des großen Platzbedarfs kaum möglich.
Als erstes Schiff wird im kommenden Jahr der Hapag-Lloyd-Neubau »«Europa 2« einen solchen Katalysator erhalten. Auch die beiden neuen Aida-Schiffe, die in den Jahren 2014 und 2015 vom Stapel laufen, sollen komplett ohne Schweröl auskommen.
Bis dahin bleibt eine weitere Maßnahme: Kraftstoffsparen. Das wird bei Kreuzfahrtschiffen vor allem durch das sogenannte Slow Steaming erreicht - eine etwas niedrigere Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit spart rund ein Drittel Kraftstoff. Tui Cruises plant zudem vermehrt mit kürzeren Strecken zwischen einzelnen Destinationen.
Doch nicht nur auf hoher See, sondern auch in den Häfen haben Kreuzfahrtschiffe in Sachen Umweltschutz Nachholbedarf. Seit Jahren wird deshalb das Thema Landstrom intensiv diskutiert. Bislang laufen in den Häfen die Motoren der Schiffe weiter, da sonst an Bord die Lichter ausgingen. Theoretisch ließen sich die Schiffe über das Land per Energie versorgen. Aida Cruises hatte bereits im vergangenen Jahr angekündigt, zusammen mit der Stadt Hamburg ein solches Angebot zu entwickeln. Auch Tui Cruises will mittelfristig auf Landstrom zurückgreifen.
Doch andere Reedereien stehen diesen Plänen skeptisch gegenüber. Da der Strom meist in ineffizienten Kohlekraftwerken produziert werde, sei die Umweltbilanz von Landstrom schlecht, argumentiert Ingo Thiel, Sprecher von Cunard. Zudem benötigten die Ozeanriesen teilweise so viel Strom wie eine Großstadt mit 200 000 Einwohnern. Dies bringe die Netze an ihre Kapazitätsgrenze. Und noch ein weiteres Problem gibt es: Bislang existiert noch kein einheitlicher Standard für Stecker, mit dem die Schiffe versorgt werden könnten.
Dem halten Umweltschützer entgegen, eine solche Standardisierung sei technisch ohne Probleme möglich. Auch der hohe Strombedarf lasse sich lösen. Vielmehr sei strittig, wer für die Bereitstellung der Infrastruktur zahlen müsse: die Reeder, die Städte, die Netzbetreiber, die Hafenbetreiber?
Eine Alternative für die Versorgung in den Häfen ist Gas. Hier ist Tui Cruises vorgeprescht. Die Reederei will während der Liegezeiten in Hamburg und Kiel ihre Schiffe ab 2013 aus einem neuartigen schwimmenden Kraftwerk mit Flüssigerdgas speisen.
Abseits von Antrieben und Stromversorgung haben die Reedereien weitere Bereiche in den Blick genommen. So stellt Aida seine Leistungen bei der Müllverbrennung und Wasseraufbereitung heraus. Dazu gehören laut Thamm zum Beispiel Biokläranlagen an Bord, »von denen die meisten Kommunen an Land nur träumen können«. Tui Cruises weist auf die Produktion von Trinkwasser in schiffseigenen Entsalzungsanlagen hin.
Doch bei allen Bemühungen: »Kreuzfahrten sind und bleiben aus Umweltgesichtspunkten Luxus«, gibt Cunard-Sprecher Thiel zu. Der Traum von der absolut grünen Kreuzfahrt wird wohl noch etwas weitergeträumt werden müssen.
(23.3.12, dpa)
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