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Passagiere warten in einer Schlange am Flughafen Ciampino auf einen Corona-Test
Sommer der offenen Fragen Wie Italien die Covid-Katastrophe angeht Vor sechs Monaten schlitterte Italien in ein damals kaum vorstellbares Corona-Desaster. Heute ist die Gesundheitslage sehr anders. Experten präsentieren viele Analysezahlen - und doch bleibt manches im Dunkeln.
Wenn Experten in Italien von der zweiten Welle sprechen, spüren viele Menschen trotz Sommerhitze einen kalten Schauer. Die Entdeckung der ersten Corona-Welle ist ein halbes Jahr her. Und angesichts von über 35.000 offiziellen Covid-Toten gilt ein erneutes Außerkontrolle-Geraten des Virus als Horrorvision.
«Wir befinden uns in der Phase der möglichen Auslösung einer zweiten Welle», fasste der Biologie-Professor Enrico Bucci in der Zeitung «La Repubblica» die Einschätzung mehrerer Wissenschaftler zusammen. Die Lage sei zwar auf der Kippe, man könne aber gut gegensteuern.
Das Mittelmeerland konnte die Zahl von fast 1000 täglichen Covid-19-Toten vom Höhepunkt Ende März auf aktuell unter 10, oft gar unter 5 Opfer, senken. Während zu Beginn viele sehr alte Menschen positiv auf Sars-CoV-2 getestet wurden und auch starben, liegt das Medianalter der Infektionen der letzten 30 Tage bei etwa 35 Jahren (Gesamtwert seit Beginn: 60). Trotz steigender Corona-Zahlen in der Reisezeit zog die Opferzahl nicht mit an. Aktuell liegen rund nur 50 Covid-Kranke auf Intensivstationen.
Italien war im Februar ungewollt in die Rolle des europäischen Covid-Vorreiters geraten - im negativen Sinn. In diese Position, mit Bildern von Särgen auf Militärwagen wie aus Bergamo, möchte das Land auf keinen Fall wieder schlittern.
«Das Alter der Infizierten sinkt, weil wir gelernt haben, ältere Menschen zu schützen», analysierte Franco Locatelli, Präsident des Fachgremiums CSS, im «Corriere della Sera». Sein Team berät die Regierung. «Wir rechnen jetzt nicht mit einer Katastrophenlage, die mit der ersten Phase vergleichbar wäre.»
Anfang 2020 traf der tödliche Virus-Ausbruch Italien unvorbereitet: Am 21. Februar gingen die Meldungen über den schwer kranken Mattia (38) aus dem Städtchen Codogno in der Lombardei um die Welt. Am Mailänder Krankenhauses Luigi Sacco waren die Virologen schon einen Tag früher in Alarmstimmung. Sie hatten in italienischen Speichelproben das damals noch hauptsächlich aus China bekannte Virus gefunden.
Dann kam es Schlag auf Schlag: Ab 22. Februar ließ Ministerpräsident Giuseppe Conte mehrere stark betroffene Städte in der Lombardei und Venetien abriegeln, darunter Codogno und Vo. Am 5. März schlossen die Schulen. Wenige Tage später wurde das wirtschaftliche Herz Italiens, die komplette Lombardei, gesperrt. Ab 10. März ging die 60-Millionen-Nation in den Lockdown. Das Gesundheitssystem im Norden war kollabiert, die Intensivstationen hatten weder genug Betten noch Beatmungsgeräte. Erst nach sinkenden Zahlen wurden die Sperren im Mai und Juni schrittweise aufgehoben.
Wobei die «goldenen Regeln» Masken, Abstand und Händewaschen beziehungsweise Desinfizieren in Läden, Büros, Bussen und auf der Straße stärker als in Deutschland Alltag sind. Der Schock von Bergamo hat die Bereitschaft zum Gesundheitsschutz bei vielen erhöht.
Trotzdem wächst ein halbes Jahr nach dem Hochschlagen der ersten Welle der Nachdruck, mit dem Bürger und Medien nach möglichen Fehlern von Politik, Verwaltung und Medizinsystem fragen. Fachleute gehen inzwischen davon aus, dass der Erreger schon seit Dezember 2019 im Land kursierte. Wurden bis zur beschleunigten Ausbreitung im Februar Warnsignale ignoriert? Welche Rolle spielten später Anweisungen, Covid-Fälle aus vollen Hospitälern in Altenheime zu verlegen? Gab es in den Heimen Missmanagement?
In Bergamo ermittelt die Staatsanwaltschaft. Eine Gruppe von Opfer-Angehörigen mit dem Namen «Noi Denunceremo» (Wir prangern an) reichte vor Wochen rund 150 Anzeigen gegen unbekannt ein. Etwa 200 andere Anzeigen von Menschen überall im Land gegen Regierungsmitglieder, unter anderem wegen Amtsmissbrauchs und Totschlags, stufte die Staatsanwaltschaft der Hauptstadt im August als «unbegründet» ein. «Unsere Verfahren laufen weiter», sagte Stefano Fusco, Sprecher von «Noi Denunceremo».
Ein Teil der Untersuchungen konzentriert sich auf die Frage, warum die Politik Anfang März keine Sperrzonen um Bergamo beziehungsweise stark betroffene Vororte eingerichtet hat. Das Durchgreifen in Vo und Codogno gilt als Erfolg. Außerdem hinterfragen Kritiker, ob Italiens Pandemie-Plan auf der Höhe der Zeit war.
Der britische «Guardian» hatte Mitte August unter Berufung auf einen Bericht des Experten Pier Paolo Lunelli geschrieben, dass der Plan vermutlich seit 2006 nicht grundsätzlich überarbeitet worden sei. Das Ministerium in Rom reagierte auf dpa-Nachfrage nicht. Ein Pandemie-Szenario mit sehr hohen Totenzahlen von Januar 2020 wiederum sei als geheim eingestuft worden, berichtete «Noi Denunceremo» - und fordert auch dazu Aufklärung.
(21.08.2020, dpa)
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