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In manchen Orten sind die Gassen der Altstädte voll mit Menschen. Mit dem Gedränge müssen Einheimische und Besucher leben
Spanien-Urlaub Overtourism führt zu Gedränge und hohen Preise in Spanien Spanien ist ein beliebtes Reiseziel. Doch in vielen Städten drängeln sich mittlerweile zu viele Touristen. Dagegen erheben sich zunehmend mehr Stimmen und Initiativen. Was Besucher wissen sollten. Antonio Pérez lebt mittendrin. Im angesagten Viertel Malasaña in der spanischen Hauptstadt Madrid gibt der 47-jährige das Digitalmagazin «Somos Malasaña» heraus.
Die Freude über seinen attraktiven Arbeitsplatz ist an manchen Tagen allerdings deutlich getrübt. «Für viele ist Madrid nichts weiter als ein thematischer Vergnügungspark», sagt der Journalist.
Als Einheimischer bekommt er die negativen Seiten des Massentourismus zu spüren. «In manche Straßen wie die Corredera de San Pablo und die Fuencarral gehe ich gar nicht mehr», sagt er resigniert. Der Grund: Wegen der Besucher, die sich dort oftmals stauen, kommt man zu manchen Zeiten kaum mehr durch. Auch für Touristen trübt sich angesichts der Menschenmassen das Shopping-Vergnügen ein.
Identität der Orte geht verloren Billigflieger und bezahlbare Privatunterkünfte haben dazu beigetragen, dass attraktive Orte von Besuchern förmlich überrannt werden. Einwohner wie Pérez sehen das inzwischen eher kritisch. Für den Journalisten bedeutet der Besucher-Boom «den Verlust der Identität».
Pérez beobachtet auch, wie sich mehr Anwohner organisieren. Mit Slogans wie «Unsere Wohnungen sind keine Hotels» macht die Nachbarschaftsvereinigung der Kernviertel Sol und Letras Front gegen touristische Vermietungen. Und in Pérez' Viertel heißt eine neuere Initiative «SOS Malasaña». Deren Appelle richten sich an Öffentlichkeit und Politik: «Die Plätze sind keine Kneipen, die Straßen keine Mülleimer, die Ecken keine Toiletten!»
Das überflutete Topziel Barcelona Besonders anziehend auf Gäste wirkt Barcelona. Der Kreuzfahrthafen sorgt für Zusatzschübe an Besuchern. Daniel Pardo, hauptberuflich Kinovorführer und nebenher ein Sprecher der «Versammlung der Stadtviertel für einen Nachhaltigen Tourismus» (Assemblea de Barris per un Turisme Sostenible), brandmarkt «die Überlastung des öffentlichen Raums». Sich ruhig auf einem Platz oder Bänkchen niederzulassen, sei mitunter ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit geworden. Davon sind auch die Urlauber selber betroffen.
Ihm geht es «um die Ausbeutung der Stadt und ihrer Bevölkerung durch die wirtschaftlichen Kräfte». Genau die will er finanziell stärker in die Verantwortung gezogen sehen, indem sie sich an den Kosten «für die Reinigung, die Sicherheit, den öffentlichen Nahverkehr» beteiligen und im Tourismus «gerechte Gehälter» bezahlen. Die «hohe Rentabilität» in diesem Business müsse «reduziert werden», so Pardo. Eine Mitschuld gibt er auch den Tourismusbehörden, die Barcelona umfassend promoten.
Auswüchse auch in kleineren Städten Erfasst von unkontrollierten Touristenströmen werden inzwischen aber auch kleinere Städte. Das nordspanische Pamplona am Jakobsweg verzeichnet derzeit einen Anstieg deutscher Touristen. Führerin Cristina Doria ist es «manchmal fast unangenehm», wenn sie mit Fünfzigergruppen durch die Altstadtgassen zieht. Denn sie ist gleichzeitig Anwohnerin und weiß: «Soviel Platz gibt's da nicht.»
Im katalanischen Girona kennt Führer Quim Puerto das Gedränge zur Genüge. Einen Ansatz beim Ausweg aus dem Dilemma sieht Puerto in der Begrenzung von Gruppengrößen «auf 20, maximal 25 Personen.» Ihm ist allerdings klar, dass dies die Agenturen oder Veranstalter nicht wollen. Dann müssten sie bei Großgruppen zwei Guides unter Vertrag nehmen. Das hebt den Reisepreis an.
Eine lokale Maßnahme in Girona hat bereits gegriffen: die Verbannung von Touristenbussen aus dem Einzugsbereich der Altstadt. In normalem Tempo müssen Besucher nun fünfzehn Gehminuten vom nächsten Busparkplatz einplanen, bis sie dort sind.
(13.08.2019, dpa)
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