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Blick von der Reling auf Venedig: Die wachsende Zahl von Kreuzfahrten trägt dazu bei, dass sich einige Städte inzwischen von Touristen geradezu überrannt vorkommen
Urlauber als Problem Wird der Massentourismus endgültig zu viel? Der Urlauber vielerorts als Störfaktor. Welche Maßnahmen helfen gegen das Phänomen Overtourism?
Ohne Gastfreundschaft hat es Tourismus schwer. In vielen Städten aber wehren sich Einheimische inzwischen gegen wachsende Besuchermassen. 2018 ist erstmals die Kehrseite des Tourismusbooms ein Topthema: ausufernder Massentourismus. Das Schlagwort lautet Overtourismus – vielen wird es einfach zuviel mit den Gästen, der Reisende selbst wird zum Problem. Wie konnte es dazu kommen? Und was jetzt?
Die Probleme: Massen, Müll und teure Mieten Viele Urlauber gab es an beliebten Orten schon immer, doch nun gehen Anwohner auf die Barrikaden – zum Beispiel wegen steigender Mieten wie in Barcelona und auf Mallorca. Hinzu kommen Lärm und Müll. Ein weiteres Problem ist die »Touristifizierung« beliebter Städte wie Rom und Venedig: Der Charakter der Metropolen geht nach Ansicht vieler Menschen verloren. »Die Einwohner haben das Gefühl, dass ihnen die Stadt nicht mehr gehört«, sagte Frans van der Avert, Chef von Amsterdam Marketing, auf der ITB. Aus Sicht des Urlaubers stellt sich das Problem simpler da: Es ist vielerorts einfach extrem voll.
Die Ursachen: Es gibt nicht einen Schuldigen Experten verweisen auf den Boom der Billigflieger und auf die zunehmende Beliebtheit von Kreuzfahrten, deren Passagiere Ziele wie Dubrovnik oder Venedig fast schon überrennen. Hinzu kommen Angebote wie Airbnb und andere Vermittler privater Unterkünfte. Eine einzelne Ursache gibt es nicht. Der Massentourismus ist letztlich eine Kehrseite der Reisefreiheit in Europa.
Die Gegenmaßnahmen: Informieren, lenken, verteuern? Zum einen können Reiseziele ihre Gäste besser darüber informieren, was es sonst noch alles in einer Stadt oder Region zu sehen gibt. Dann gibt es die Möglichkeit, Besucherströme besser zu lenken – mit Ticketkontingenten und Online-Reservierungssystemen. Das sorgt für räumliche und zeitliche Entzerrung. Dubrovnik in Kroatien leidet vor allem unter der großen Zahl an Kreuzfahrtschiffen. Für 2018 habe sich die Stadt mit den Reedereien auf eine bessere Steuerung der Schiffsankünfte geeinigt, sagte Bürgermeister Mato Frankovic.
Denkbar sind auch gesetzliche Beschränkungen für neue Hotels oder die Vermietung von Unterkünften. In Amsterdam etwa dürfen Wohnungen von 2019 an nur noch maximal 30 Tage im Jahr an Touristen vermietet werden. Im Stadtzentrum werden außerdem keine neuen Hotels gebaut.Radikaler ist der Weg, an der Preisschraube zu drehen. Auf Mallorca müssen Urlauber seit 2016 eine Touristenabgabe zahlen, eine Art Ökosteuer zur Erhaltung der Insel. Trotzdem reisten 2017 rund 4,5 Millionen Deutsche auf die Baleareninsel – 6,1 Prozent mehr als 2016. Die Hotels, Sehenswürdigkeiten und Eintrittsgelder massiv zu verteuern, widerspreche außerdem der Demokratisierung des Reisens, sagte der Tourismusforscher Prof. Jürgen Schmude auf der ITB. Schöne Orte nur noch für Menschen mit viel Geld? Kein reizvoller Gedanke.
Eine Lösung für die Zukunft? Ein Patentrezept für jede betroffene Stadt oder Region gibt es nicht. »Wir fischen ein bisschen im Trüben und wissen noch nicht so wirklich, was wir machen sollen«, räumte Schmude ein. Relativ einig ist man sich aber darin, dass eine clevere Lenkung der Besucher und Alternativen zu touristischen Hotspots besser sind als Verbote. Einfach wird das alles nicht. Denn die Asiaten fangen mit dem Reisen weltweit gerade erst so richtig an. Der nächste Besucherrekord kommt bestimmt.
(09.03.2018, dpa)
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