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Die gut erhaltene Ruinenstadt von Pompeji gehört zu den absoluten Top-Sehenswürdigkeiten Italiens
Italien-Urlaub Die Ausgrabungsstätte Pompeji neu entdecken Pompeji war lange Zeit ein Musterbeispiel für Overtourism - bis Corona kam. Nun lernen die wenigen Besucher die Ausgrabungsstätte auf eine neue Art kennen - inklusive kurioser Details.
Seit Minuten schimpft der junge Stadtführer vor sich hin - über die Mafia, unseriöse Touristenbüros und sich ständig ändernde Coronaregeln . «Es ist eine Katastrophe», sagt er. Sieben Stunden stehe er jeden Tag hier herum, am Eingang zu den Ruinen von Pompeji. «Aber fast niemand kommt.»
Mattia Buondonno stimmt seinem Kollegen zu. Der Italiener führt seit 1991 Touristen durch die Ausgrabungsstätte Pompeji und erzählt vom Leben in der Antike.
Die Italiener schätzen den seltenen Luxus Früher, in den guten Zeiten vor Corona, gab Buondonno drei Führungen am Tag. Nun schlendern vereinzelte Besucher über die gepflasterten Straßen mit den erhöhten Zebrastreifen und den Spurrillen für Wagenräder. Die meisten seien Italiener. Sie nutzen die einzigartige Gelegenheit, ihr Land ohne Touristenmassen anzuschauen.
Seit dem 18. Januar ist Pompeji wieder geöffnet, natürlich unter strengen Auflagen. Besucher dürfen das Gelände nur durch das Tor an der Piazza Anfiteatro betreten und müssen einer vorgegebenen Route folgen. Pro Viertelstunde werden maximal 500 Gäste eingelassen. Für das Erlebnis haben die neuen Regeln durchaus Vorteile.
Wer hat die schönsten Fresken? Vor dem berühmten Haus der Julia Felix etwa musste man früher lange in der Schlange stehen. Jetzt sind die Gruppen der Busreisen und Kreuzfahrtschiffe verschwunden, nur wenige Paare spazieren durch die Kolonnaden um den Garten. In aller Ruhe kann man sich so ins luxuriöse Leben der reichen Römer träumen.
Über Treppen in der Wand plätscherte ein Wasserfall in ein Becken, auf den Marmorstufen ringsum fläzten sich die feinen Damen und Herren auf Polstern. Für den ästhetischen Genuss waren alle Wände und selbst die Decken und Säulen vollkommen bemalt. «Die Familien wetteiferten darum, wer die schönsten Fresken hat», erklärt Buondonno.
Die Villa war für wohlhabende Patrizier das Statussymbol der Familie. Das Haus des tanzenden Fauns etwa war 3000 Quadratmeter groß. Dagegen wirkt das Haus der Liebenden geradezu bescheiden. Für Kenner Pompejis ist es dennoch ein neuer Höhepunkt der Stadttour - 40 Jahre lang war die Ruine nach einem Erdbeben geschlossen. Wiedereröffnet wurde es im Februar 2020, sogar Italiens Kulturminister kam.
Seinen Namen verdankt das Haus einem poetischen Graffito. Die Liebenden - so steht es auf einem Fresko eingeritzt - führten ein Leben wie die Bienen: süß wie Honig. Außergewöhnlich ist vor allem die zweistöckige Säulenhalle um einen Innenhof, in keinem anderen Gebäude ist sie so gut erhalten. «Wie viele Häuser, die damals nach dem großen Erdbeben des Jahres 62 restauriert wurden, ist es nach der neuesten Mode bemalt», erklärt Buondonno. Also nach dem letzten der vier Stile, die Archäologen in Pompeji unterscheiden.
Der Kampf gegen den Verfall Um die maroden Ruinen zu retten, startete die EU-Kommission 2014 einen Aktionsplan. Insgesamt flossen 105 Millionen Euro, rund drei Viertel davon kamen von der EU. Mit dem Geld wurden außer dem Haus der Liebenden zwei weitere Häuser restauriert.
Das Haus mit dem Obstgarten bleibt vorerst geschlossen, weil es nur einen Ein- und Ausgang hat und damit nicht corona-kompatibel ist. Das Haus des Schiffes Europa dagegen ist nach langer Renovierung wieder zu besichtigen. Wahrscheinlich lebte ein Weinhändler hier, die Archäologen fanden viele Amphoren.
Die schönsten Fresken Pompejis wurden schon im 18. Jahrhundert abgenommen und in den Königspalast der Bourbonen gekarrt. Heute sind sie im Archäologischen Nationalmuseum in Neapel zu sehen.
Bleigewichte zur Stärkung des Körpers Wer keine Zeit dafür hat, was ein Versäumnis wäre, sollte zumindest die Ausstellung in der Großen Palästra anschauen, dem antiken Fitnessstudio Pompejis. Im weitläufigen Innenhof stemmten Sportler einst Bleigewichte, rannten oder machten Gymnastik. Danach kühlten sie sich im Pool ab, durch den Wasser aus dem Aquädukt floss.
Frappierend modern wirken die vielen Imbissbuden. Thermopolium hießen sie, ihre Tresen mit den runden Vertiefungen für Warmhalte-Töpfe sieht man an jeder Ecke. Ein besonders gut erhaltenes Straßenrestaurant gruben Archäologen erst vor kurzem aus. Die gemauerte Theke zieren Fresken von Enten und Hühnern.
In den Tontöpfen fanden die Forscher Entenknochen und Reste von Schweinen, Ziegen, Fischen und Schnecken. Und über dem Bild eines Hundes ein eingeritztes Graffito: «Nicia cinaede cacator» - Nicias, schamloser Scheißer. Die Antike war nicht immer erhaben.
Allgemeine Reiseinformationen zu Pompeji Pompeji-Reisezeit: Frühling und Herbst eignen sich perfekt für die Besichtigung. Im Sommer ist es oft unerträglich heiß.
Anreise: Aus mehreren deutschen Städten gibt es Flüge nach Neapel. Von dort fahren Züge und S-Bahnen in rund 40 Minuten nach Pompeji.
Besichtigungen: Derzeit ist die Ausgrabungsstätte von Montag bis Freitag jeweils von 9.00 bis 17.00 Uhr geöffnet. Tickets müssen vorab unter «Scavi di Pompei» bei TicketOne gekauft werden.
Corona-Lage: Das Auswärtige Amt warnt wegen hoher Infektionszahlen vor nicht notwendigen, touristischen Reisen nach Italien .
Informationen: Italienische Zentrale für Tourismus, Barckhausstraße 10, 60325 Frankfurt (Tel.: 069/23 74 34, E-Mail: , www.italia.it/de).
(04.02.2021, dpa)
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