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Mehr Schiff als Altstadt: Die Unesco sieht in Venedig einen Verlust an historischer Authentizität
Kreuzfahrtriesen Warum Venedig auf Rote Liste der Unesco kommen könnte Venedig bekommt Kreuzfahrtschiffe und Massentourismus nicht in den Griff.
Der Ruf ist ruiniert, Touristen machen einen Bogen um die Stadt: So könnte die Zukunft Venedigs aussehen, wenn die Unesco die romantische norditalienische Lagunenstadt auch wegen der vielen Kreuzfahrtriesen in die Negativ-Liste für gefährdetes Welterbe aufnimmt. Dies schlagen Experten der Unesco vor. Die Kulturbehörde der Vereinten Nationen soll ab Mitte Juli darüber entscheiden.
Die UN-Fachleute fällen in ihrer Studie ein hartes Urteil über die Versuche Italiens, die Schäden durch große Schiffe und den Anstieg der Besucherzahlen in Venedig einzudämmen. Die Regierung in Rom reagierte am Montagabend mit einem aufgeregten Appell, dass sie nun schnell für Abhilfe sorgen wolle.
TIPP: Promis kritisieren Kreuzfahrten in Venedig
Kampf um den Erhalt der Stadt dauert an «Das wäre eine sehr ernste Sache für unser Land», schrieb Italiens Kulturminister Dario Franceschini. «Die Zeit zum Zögern ist vorbei.» Dabei tobt der Kampf um den Erhalt der Stadt des Markusplatzes und der Gondeln schon seit vielen Jahren.
Die Politik in Rom , die Region Venetien und die Stadt liefern sich ein Dauertauziehen mit Bürgerinitiativen und der Wirtschaft um den richtigen Kurs. Venedig und seine Lagune haben seit 1987 den Welterbestatus der Unesco. Das Label lässt sich touristisch gut für Einnahmen durch die örtliche Wirtschaft nutzen.
Wenn die Unesco Ernst macht mit ihrer Drohung, wäre Italien nach Informationen der Nachrichtenagentur Ansa aufgefordert, einen neuen Maßnahmenplan auszuarbeiten und bis Februar 2022 einen Bericht über die Umsetzungen vorzulegen. Das Votum der UN-Behörde könnte zwischen dem 16. und 31. Juli fallen. Vor einigen Jahren hatte es sogar schon mal Überlegungen gegeben, der Stadt im Meer, der «Serenissima» (der «Durchlauchtigsten»), den Welterbetitel zu entziehen.
VENEDIG: Die Lagunenstadt fasziniert immer wieder
Demos gegen Schiffsgiganten am Markusplatz In Venedig hatte unter lautstarken Protesten vieler Bürger Anfang Juni nach gut eineinhalb Jahren Corona-Pause wieder ein großes Kreuzfahrtschiff abgelegt. Unter anderem die Bewegung «No Grandi Navi» (Keine großen Schiffe) rief dabei zu Demos auf. Eigentlich hatte Rom Anfang April per Dekret beschlossen, Ideen zu sammeln, um die Schiffsgiganten aus der Lagune fern zu halten. Von vielen war das schon als Verbot für Schiffe über 40.000 Bruttoregistertonnen gesehen worden. Sie sollten nicht mehr direkt am Markusplatz vorbeifahren. Doch so war es nicht.
Und die Suche nach einer Lösung für Kreuzfahrtschiffe stockt. Geplant ist nach Medienberichten eine Übergangszeit mit einer Anlegestelle im Festland-Industriehafen von Marghera. Und später eine große, teure Hafen-Neuanlage auf dem Meer.
«Der Industriehafen von Marghera ist Teil der Lagune. Auch wenn die Kreuzfahrtschiffe dort anlegen, wird die Lagune weiter zerstört», sagte dazu am Dienstag die deutsche Autorin Petra Reski, die in Venedig lebt. «Es geht um den Wasserdruck, der die Fundamente der Stadt beschädigt, es geht um den Feinstaub, es geht um andere Umweltschäden durch den Schiffsverkehr.» Sie äußerte sich wiederholt kritisch über den Massenzustrom. «Die Kreuzfahrt-Touristen schlafen nicht in der Stadt und geben dort wenig Geld aus, sie essen auch selten dort.»
Unesco sieht Verlust an historischer Authentizität Die Statistik der Stadt zeigt, dass die Zahl der Besucherankünfte von rund 3,4 Millionen im Jahr 2009 auf 5,5 Millionen im Vor-Pandemie-Jahr 2019 geklettert war. Und wenn Venedig auf die Rote Liste der Unesco - manche nennen es eine Schwarze Liste - käme? «Das wäre eine Ohrfeige für alle Verantwortlichen hier», sagt Reski («Als ich einmal in den Canal Grande fiel»).
Die Unesco-Experten jedenfalls schreiben in ihrer Analyse, dass der Besucherboom kombiniert mit dem Schwund der einheimischen Bevölkerung und grundlegenden Defiziten der Politik auf verschiedenen Ebenen zu einem «erheblichen Verlust an historischer Authentizität» in Venedig geführt habe. Auch der Klimawandel bereite Sorgen. All diese Faktoren «rechtfertigen die Aufnahme in die Liste für gefährdetes Welterbe».
Die UN-Organisation empfahl in dem Entwurf den Angaben zufolge auch, das Great Barrier Reef auf die Liste der gefährdeten Weltnaturerbestätten zu setzen. Dagegen protestierte Australiens Regierung am Dienstag scharf.
(23.06.2021, dpa)
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