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2019 entfielen von 38 Milliarden Tonnen des globalen CO2-Ausstoßes etwa 950 Millionen Tonnen auf den Luftverkehr. Foto: Sebastian Gollnow/dpa
CO2-Ausstoß im Luftverkehr Klimaschutz: Muss Fliegen künftig teurer werden? Nach langer Pandemie-Durststrecke haben sich viele Reisende in diesem Jahr wieder in den Flieger gewagt. Die Airlines lockten eifrig mit Billigangeboten. Doch kann es mit fortschreitender Erderwärmung so weitergehen? Eine Frage, die nicht nur die Wahlkämpfer umtreibt.
Fliegen um jeden Preis? Diese Frage war vor wenigen Monaten Gegenstand einer regen politischen Debatte. Annalena Baerbock, Kanzlerkandidatin der Grünen, hatte in einem Interview gesagt, dass es im Sinne von mehr Umwelt-und Klimaschutz Kurzstreckenflüge wie etwa von Hamburg nach Berlin «perspektivisch nicht mehr geben» sollte.
Auch der derzeit von guten Umfragewerten beflügelte SPD-Kanzlerkanzlerkandidat Olaf Scholz kündigte an, gegen Billigflüge vorgehen zu wollen. Doch ist das so einfach? Und lassen sich Ramschpreise einfach so aus der Welt schaffen?
Wie schnell lässt sich Klimaschutz im Flugverkehr umsetzen? Das Thema ist komplexer als so mancher Wahlkampfslogan. Auch in der EU wird effektiverer Klimaschutz im Flugverkehr nicht von heute auf Morgen umsetzbar sein - auch wenn die Kommission im Juli ehrgeizige Pläne vorgelegt hat.
Derzeit entfallen rund 2,5 Prozent der weltweiten CO2-Emissionen auf den Luftverkehr. Betrachtet man 2019, also das Jahr vor der Pandemie, waren das bei einem globalen Rekordausstoß von 38 Milliarden Tonnen Kohlenstoffdioxid etwa 950 Millionen Tonnen CO2, die auf den Luftverkehr entfielen.
Dabei sind die anderen klimaschädlichen Effekte, die beim Fliegen entstehen, noch nicht mitberücksichtigt. Andere Schadstoffe wie etwa Schwefel- und Stickoxide verstärken die negativen Auswirkungen auf das Klima, weil sie unterm Strich auch zu einer Erwärmung in der Erdatmosphäre führen. Experten weisen darauf hin, dass sich diese sogenannten «Nicht-CO2-Effekte» bei weitem nicht in den Ticketpreisen für Flüge widerspiegeln.
Wann kommt die Energiesteuer auf Kerosin? Die EU-Kommission schlägt zwar in ihrem Klimapaket «Fit for 55» unter anderem die Einführung einer Energiesteuer auf Kerosin vor. Aber auch die soll erst ab 2023 gelten und über zehn Jahre schrittweise steigen - sofern die Mitgliedstaaten diesem Plan überhaupt zustimmen.
«Der volle Steuersatz würde erst 2033 zu zahlen sein», sagt Wolfgang Bretschneider, Umweltökonom beim Umweltbundesamt (UBA). Den Schiff- und Flugverkehr bislang von dieser «Kerosinsteuer», wie sie auch genannt wird, auszunehmen, sei «eine Wettbewerbsverzerrung zu Lasten der Umwelt», sagt der Experte.
Aktivisten und Forscher kritisieren solche Ausnahmen seit längerem. Im Gespräch mit der Deutschen Presse-Agentur fordert Fridays-for-Future-Aktivistin Pauline Brünger, «alle Subventionen für die Flugbranche» zu streichen. Die Industrie dürfe «nicht weiter mit staatlichen Geldern für ihre Klimazerstörung belohnt werden», sagt Brünger.
Wie reagiert die Luftverkehrswirtschaft? Der Bundesverband der Deutschen Luftverkehrswirtschaft warnt dagegen davor, eine Kerosinsteuer oder neue Steuern jeglicher Art einzuführen. Eine zusätzliche Kerosinsteuer würde nur dazu führen, dass Drittstaaten-Airlines sie umgehen könnten, argumentiert der Verband.
Unklar ist bislang, ob eine Kerosinsteuer auch zu teureren Flugtickets führen würde. «Man kann nicht sagen: Eine innereuropäische Kerosinsteuer wird eins zu eins an die Endverbraucher oder an die Passagiere weitergegeben», sagt UBA-Experte Bretschneider.
Eine EU-weite Mehrwertsteuer auf Flugtickets, wie sie bereits im innerdeutschen Flugverkehr existiert, plant die Kommission indes nicht. Bretschneider sieht aber auch alleine durch die Einführung einer Kerosinsteuer schon «positive Klimaschutzwirkungen». Die Airlines erhielten «ökonomische Anreize, den Treibstoffverbrauch zu senken», sagt er.
Trendwende in Sicht? Doch bis das greift, wächst der Flugverkehr stetig weiter - daran wird wohl auch das vorübergehende Pandemie-Tief nichts geändert haben. Nach einem UBA-Bericht (Stand Oktober 2020) rechnet der Flugzeughersteller Airbus mit einer Verdopplung der globalen Flugzeugflotte bis 2036. Auch in Deutschland habe sich die Zahl der Fluggäste in den vergangenen 28 Jahren verdreifacht, heißt es weiter in dem Bericht mit dem passend zweideutigen Titel «Wohin geht die Reise?» . Dieses Wachstum führe «zu mehr Emissionen, mehr Lärm, höherem Ressourcenverbrauch», schreiben die Autoren.
Immerhin soll das Wachstum der internationalen Luftfahrt ab 2020 CO2-neutral sein. Das bedeutet, dass die Fluggesellschaften weltweit CO2-senkende Klimaschutzprojekte finanzieren, um so die Emissionen aus dem Luftverkehr zu kompensieren.
Ein wichtiger Mechanismus, denn: Der Anteil sauberer Kraftstoffe im Luftverkehr ist mit 0,05 Prozent noch verschwindend gering. Bis 2030 soll er nach dem Willen der EU mindestens zwei Prozent ausmachen. Die fossile Verbrennung wird also noch lange weitergehen - mit den bekannten Folgen fürs Klima.
Airlines wie die irische Gesellschaft Ryanair heizen den Trend mit Billigangeboten weiter an. Auf dpa-Anfrage versichert Ryanair, pro Passagier und Kilometer 25 Prozent weniger CO2 auszustoßen als große europäische Mitbewerber. Man sei «die grünste Airline Europas».
Das Unternehmen habe sich verpflichtet, bis Ende des Jahrzehnts 12,5 Prozent aller Flüge mit nachhaltigem Kerosin zu betreiben. Für die Zeit bis Ende des Sommers teilt Ryanair aber noch eine andere Zielvorgabe mit: weiterhin möglichst günstige Flugtickets.
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