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Mit seinen 168 lateinischen Zeichen hat Bangkok den längsten Ortsnamen der Welt. Foto: Carola Frentzen/dpa
Zungenbrecher
Stadtname macht Bangkok zum Weltrekordhalter
Thailand hat eine einzigartige Kultur - und eine für europäische Ohren ziemlich komplizierte Sprache. Besonders äußert sich das bei den Namen, auch bei Normalbürgern sind viele Zungenbrecher dabei. Aber die Hauptstadt Bangkok setzt dem Ganzen die Krone auf.
Bangkok
ist eine Stadt vieler Superlative. Dass aber selbst der offizielle Name der thailändischen Mega-Metropole ein Weltrekordhalter ist, wissen nur wenige. Mit seinen 168 lateinischen Zeichen gilt der Zungenbrecher als längster Ortsname der Welt - und hat es damit schon vor Jahren ins Guinness-Buch
geschafft.
Abgekürzt nennen die meisten Thais ihre Hauptstadt schlicht «Krung Thep», was allgemein als «Stadt der Engel» übersetzt wird. Erstaunlicherweise gibt es aber so manchen Thai, der den gesamten Begriff tadellos aufsagen kann, ohne einen Knoten in der Zunge zu bekommen.
TIPP:
Reiseberichte Thailand
Rockband verwendet Stadtnamen als Songtext
Das hat einen überraschenden Grund. Nicht etwa Drill in der Schule hat dem Volk den Namen ins Hirn gebrannt - sondern ein Lied. «Ende der 1980er Jahre vertonte die Rockband Asanee-Wasan den zeremoniellen Namen der Hauptstadt in einem eingängigen Song, der so bekannt geworden ist, dass viele Leute ihn nun mitsingen können», erzählt Danai Ployplai, Linguist und Lehrer an der Chulalongkorn University. Der 31-Jährige hat seine Master-Arbeit über die Entstehung der Thai-Namen geschrieben - speziell solcher, die royaler Natur sind.
Dann setzt er an: «Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Ayuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udom Ratchaniwet Maha Sathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit», sagt er flüssig und fehlerfrei auf, und irgendwie klingt das auch ein wenig wie Musik.
Bangkok, so hieß das Dorf am Chao-Phraya-Strom, bevor es 1782 zur neuen Hauptstadt des alten Siam erkoren wurde. «Der genaue Ursprung ist nicht klar, aber zusammengesetzt ist der Name aus «Bang» und «kok»», sagt Ployplai. «Vermutlich soll es soviel bedeuten wie «Ort am großen Fluss mit vielen Bäumen».» In aller Welt ist diese alte Bezeichnung weiter gebräuchlich.
Bedeutung des Ortes soll hervorgehoben werden
Aber für die schnell wachsende Stadt, in der seit fast 240 Jahren die Könige des Landes residieren und in deren Metropolregion heute mehr als 15 Millionen Menschen leben, musste ein klangvollerer Name her. «Er musste unbedingt länger sein als andere Stadtnamen, um die Bedeutung des Ortes hervorzuheben», erklärt Ployplai. Selbst in thailändischer Schrift hat das aus den altindischen Sprachen Pali und Sanskrit gebildete Wort noch 139 Zeichen.
Auf dem Platz vor der City Hall (Rathaus) ist der Begriff in goldenen Lettern auf schwarzem Stein eingraviert. Es braucht einige feierliche Sekunden, um den Stadtnamen abzuschreiten. Eine Tafel daneben erklärt die Bedeutung.
Auf Deutsch wäre das demnach in etwa: «Große Stadt der Devas (geflügelte Wesen), Residenz des heiligen Smaragd-Buddhas, voller Wohlstand und immerwährender Schönheit, geschmückt mit neun wertvollen Edelsteinen, reich an gewaltigen königlichen Palästen, himmlischer Wohnort, der auf der Erde von Thao Sakka Thewarat Witsanukam für die wiedergeborenen Gottheiten gebaut wurde.»
Auch bei Familiennamen zählt Einzigartigkeit
Die Hauptstadt ist nun eine Sache - aber auch mit den Vor- und Nachnamen der meisten Thais ist nicht zu spaßen. Das liegt daran, dass die Bürger sich auch ihre Familiennamen selbst «zusammenbauen» können. «In Thailand sind Familiennamen so lang und einzigartig, weil nur Menschen den gleichen Nachnamen haben sollen, die miteinander verwandt ist», schreibt die Thailänderin Surassa Fhaumnuaypol in einem Blog. Deshalb trügen zumeist maximal 100 Menschen den gleichen Familiennamen, sagt Ployplai.
Bei der Auswahl und Zusammensetzung sei den meisten vor allem eines wichtig: Einzigartigkeit. «Sogar Namen der Götter dürfen verwendet werden. Das Gesetz verbietet nur, den Namen des amtierenden Königs anzunehmen, sonst ist alles erlaubt.»
Apropos König: Der 2016 gestorbene Rama IX., der weithin schlicht «Bhumibol» genannt wird, unterschrieb offizielle Dokumente mit: «Phrabat Somdet Phra Paraminthara Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej». Klingt kompliziert? Stimmt, aber nur so lange, bis es an den zeremoniellen Namen geht: «Phrabat Somdet Phra Paraminthra Maha Phumiphon Adunyadet Mahittalathibet Ramathibodi Chakkrinaruebodin Sayaminthrathirat Borommanat Bophit.»
Otto-Normal-Thais müssen sich zwar nicht mit solchen verzwickten Wortbildungen plagen - aber wenn Ployplai seine Studenten nach der Bedeutung ihrer eigenen Namen frage, müssten die meisten dennoch passen, so diffizil sei die Herkunft. Als Beispiel nennt er «Assavvavirulhakarn». Das setze sich aus vier Teilen in Pali zusammen und könne etwa so gedeutet werden: «Der Clan des Pferdes, der in der Zukunft aufsteigen wird.»
Wortbildungen werden immer länger
Noch etwas hebt Thailand von anderen Ländern ab: Die Menschen dürfen ihre Namen auch offiziell auf dem Amt so oft ändern, wie sie Lust haben. «Manche mögen ihren Familiennamen einfach nicht, andere glauben, dass er Unglück bringt, wieder anderen wurde vielleicht von einem Mönch geraten, den Namen in einen bestimmten anderen ändern zu lassen.» Um sich abzusetzen und keinen Namen anderer Familien zu wiederholen, werden die Wortbildungen dabei immer länger.
Simpler wird es beim Spitznamen, den fast jeder Thai hat. Der wird meist von den Eltern vergeben, aber ebenfalls im Lauf des Lebens gern modifiziert. Während Vor- und Nachnamen nur auf offiziellen Dokumenten auftauchen, sind die zumeist simplen Spitznamen allgegenwärtig. Auch hier gilt laut Ployplai: Je ungewöhnlicher, desto besser - wobei sich viele beim Englischen bedienen. «Die Palette reicht von Joke über Smile bis hin zu Gift, Bank, Book, Golf, Apple oder Cherry - Hauptsache, es klingt fremd und einzigartig.»
Sie sei schon so einigen verrückten Spitznamen begegnet, schreibt Bloggerin Surassa «Anna» Fhaumnuaypol. Aber manche blieben wegen ihrer Skurrilität im Gedächtnis: «Ich kenne einen, der nennt sich Password. Und sein Bruder heißt, Sie werde es erraten, Username.»
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