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Werbung im Stile von «1001 Nacht» ist vor allem deshalb so problematisch, weil dadurch rassistische und koloniale Muster reproduziert werden, meint eine Expertin
Stereotype überwinden Viele Reisen beginnen mit Vorurteilen Wer reist, möchte Neues erleben, den eigenen Horizont erweitern, sich weiterbilden. Aber bilden Reisen in «fremde Welten» und «andere Kulturen» auch Vorurteile?
Tourismus lebt von Anziehungskraft: Reisende möchten ihren Horizont erweitern und was erleben. Oft werden «exotische und unerforschte Landschaften», «andere Kulturen» in «fremden Welten» und auf «wilden Kontinenten» beworben.
In den Urlaubsbeschreibungen der «bunten Einheimischen» und «ursprünglichen Lebensweisen» stecken jedoch jede Menge Vorurteile und rassistische Stereotype.
«Exotisch, fremd, anders - all diese Beschreibungen in Reisetiteln setzen stark auf Andersartigkeit und erhöhen den Abstand zwischen Gast und Gastgeber», kritisiert die Leiterin von Tourism Watch bei Brot für die Welt in Berlin, Antje Monshausen. Dort setzt sie sich für faires und verantwortungsvolles Reisen ein.
Auch Rosaly Magg vom Informationszentrum 3. Welt in Freiburg befasst sich beim hauseigenen Forum Tourismus & Kritikmit den Zusammenhängen von Tourismus, Kultur und Rassismus. «Werbung im Stile von '1001 Nacht' ist vor allem deshalb so problematisch, weil hier rassistische und koloniale Muster reproduziert werden», erklärt sie.
Bilder haben großen Einfluss Viele Reisende möchten Entdecker sein - ein in sich sehr koloniales Bild. «Auf Safari wird beispielsweise das koloniale Erbe in Luxusexpeditionen in die Wildnis vermarktet», sagt Magg. Es handele sich also um eine Neuformulierung alter rassistischer Weltbilder.
Bedeutsamer als der Text ist auf der Suche nach dem neuen Urlaubsziel das Bild. Beispiel Afrika: In Reisekatalogen sieht man vor allem feinsandige, kilometerlange und menschenleere Strände. Oder Nationalparks: auch eher ohne Menschen, dafür mit Giraffen und Löwen. Werden Menschen doch abgebildet, dann meist in eher folkloristischen Posen, zum Beispiel beim Tanzen.
«Da wird ein stereotypes Bild gezeigt, das nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt der Vielfalt eines Landes und seiner Menschen zeigt. Und durch das wiederholte Zeigen dieser exotisierten Bilder und Klischees werden Stereotype verstärkt», sagt Monshausen. Das treffe auf viele Länder zu. Da afrikanische Länder oftmals als Wildlife- und Safaridestination beworben werden, finde es hier verstärkt statt.
Werbung erzeugt Klischees «So eine Werbung motiviert nicht, sich mit Land und Leuten auseinanderzusetzten, weil die Menschen eher als Kulisse dienen und nicht im Mittelpunkt stehen», findet Monshausen. Da die meisten Reisen in Länder wie beispielsweise Marokko, Thailand und Äthiopien heute über Reiseveranstalter gebucht werden, sieht Monshausen die Reiseveranstalter in der Verantwortung. Sie sollten Reisende mehr und differenzierter einladen, hinter die touristische Kulisse zu blicken.
«Auf Reisen hat man die eigenen Vorurteile und Stereotype stets mit im Gepäck, aber es ist bereits ein großer Gewinn, wenn man sich diese Vorurteile bewusst macht», sagt Magg. Das ist auch für Monshausen der erste Schritt. «Und auch überhaupt nicht verwerflich, sondern ganz normal, gerade wenn man in einem Land noch keine intensive Reiseerfahrung hat.»
Zur Vorbereitung empfiehlt sie vor der Reise Sachbücher und Romane aus dem und über das Land zu lesen. Oder untertitelte Filme aus der Region zu schauen. Klingt erst einmal nach Arbeit: «Ja, aber dann wird ja auch die Reise schöner», sagt Monshausen. «Das ist keine lästige Hausaufgabe, sondern Einstimmung auf die Reise.» Und durch Vorbereitungen entstehe die Möglichkeit, die Vorfreude zu steigern.
Auch vor Ort gibt es Monshausen zufolge in der Regel viele Angebote, um tiefer in die Kulturen einzutauchen. «Man kann ganz bewusst bei lokalen Agenturen nachfragen. Nach home stays, nach gemeindebasiertem Tourismus.» Sucht man so einen Austausch nicht, kann sich der Kontakt vor Ort schnell auf Straßenhändler und Hotelangestellte beschränken.
(01.09.2020, dpa)
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